二红洼镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体特征及成因

新疆哈密二红洼镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体地表分南北两个岩体,深部可能连为一体,可划分为两个侵入期、四个岩相.第一侵入期构成岩体的主体部分,分异良好,由重力结晶分异形成自橄揽岩相、橄榄辉长岩相向含石英苏长辉长岩相的分异趋势,基性程度依次降低.岩浆多次贯入使得纵向上橄榄岩相和橄榄辉长岩相重复出现.第二侵入期辉长苏长岩相分异程度低,岩性稳定,为岩浆快速冷凝的产物.岩浆属于拉斑玄武岩系列,发生过金属硫化物熔离,有利于铜镍硫化物成矿.     

遵义市岩溶地下水环境的空间信息统计组合分析

应用空间信息统计分析理论与方法来分析遵义市岩溶地下水环境,对遵义市城区岩溶地下水中的硫酸盐(SO42-)、氨氮(NH4+)、亚硝酸盐(NO2-)、硝酸盐(NO3-)等离子作克里格(Kriging)估值等值线图,并根据等值线图对4种离子的空间分布特征及范围、空间变化规律进行分析评价。     

基于遥感影像的地理特征信息的提取与分析

以云南省会泽县为例,基于ETM+、ASTER、DEM等遥感影像数据运用ArcGIS、ERDAS等遥感软件提取研究区的植被、地形、坡度坡向等一系列地理特征信息,并生成相关图件,为本区的农业规划、水土流失、地质灾害、资源开发、土壤侵蚀等相关研究提供多方面的空间信息参考.     

东北地区地质空间信息网格结点建设

利用空间信息网格技术,建立面向社会公众服务的地质空间信息共享与应用服务体系,实现东北地学数据的一体化空间数据资源组织、海量空间信息共享、高性能的协同分析处理、跨地域的空间数据服务与处理服务集成,为地质调查提供广泛有效的无障碍应用,实现多元主体形成的分布式基础数据真正共享.     

生态地理建模中的多尺度问题

本文在分析生态地理建模内涵的基础上,讨论了生态地理建模中的尺度转换问题、跨尺度相互作用问题、空间尺度与时间尺度的关联问题和多尺度数据处理问题.由于生态地理问题的非线性、生态环境的异质性和随机事件,简单的线性尺度转换方法远不能满足生态地理建模的要求.为了从根本上解决生态地理建模中的时空尺度问题,除需要运用微分几何学和等级理论等经典方法外,还需要引入格点生成法和网格计算等现代理论和技术手段.     

Global Correlations of Ocean Ridge Basalt Chemistry with Axial Depth: a New Perspective

The petrological parameters Na₈ and Fe₈, which are Na₂O andFeO contents in mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) melts correctedfor fractionation effects to MgO = 8 wt%, have been widely usedas indicators of the extent and pressure of mantle melting beneathocean ridges. We find that these parameters are unreliable.Fe₈ is used to compute the mantle solidus depth (P_o) and temperature(T_o), and it is the values and range of Fe₈ that have led tothe notion that mantle potential temperature variation of T_P= 250 K is required to explain the global ocean ridge systematics.This interpreted T_P = 250 K range applies to ocean ridges awayfrom ‘hotspots’. We find no convincing evidencethat calculated values for P_o, T_o, and T_P using Fe₈ have anysignificance. We correct for fractionation effect to Mg^# = 0·72,which reveals mostly signals of mantle processes because meltswith Mg^# = 0·72 are in equilibrium with mantle olivineof Fo_89·6 (vs evolved olivine of Fo_{88·1–79·6}in equilibrium with melts of Fe₈). To reveal first-order MORBchemical systematics as a function of ridge axial depth, weaverage out possible effects of spreading rate variation, local-scalemantle source heterogeneity, melting region geometry variation,and dynamic topography on regional and segment scales by usingactual sample depths, regardless of geographical location, withineach of 22 ridge depth intervals of 250 m on a global scale.These depth-interval averages give Fe₇₂ = 7·5–8·5,which would give T_P = 41 K (vs 250 K based on Fe₈) beneathglobal ocean ridges. The lack of Fe₇₂–Si₇₂ and Si₇₂–ridgedepth correlations provides no evidence that MORB melts preservepressure signatures as a function of ridge axial depth. We thusfind no convincing evidence for T_P > 50 K beneath globalocean ridges. The averages have also revealed significantcorrelations of MORB chemistry (e.g. Ti₇₂, Al₇₂, Fe₇₂,Mg₇₂, Ca₇₂, Na₇₂ and Ca₇₂/Al₇₂) with ridge axial depth. Thechemistry–depth correlation points to an intrinsic linkbetween the two. That is, the 5 km global ridge axial reliefand MORB chemistry both result from a common cause: subsolidusmantle compositional variation (vs T_P), which determines themineralogy, lithology and density variations that (1) isostaticallycompensate the 5 km ocean ridge relief and (2) determine thefirst-order MORB compositional variation on a global scale.A progressively more enriched (or less depleted) fertileperidotite source (i.e. high Al₂O₃ and Na₂O, and low CaO/Al₂O₃)beneath deep ridges ensures a greater amount of modal garnet(high Al₂O₃) and higher jadeite/diopside ratios in clinopyroxene(high Na₂O and Al₂O₃, and lower CaO), making a denser mantle,and thus deeper ridges. The dense fertile mantle beneath deepridges retards the rate and restricts the amplitude of the upwelling,reduces the rate and extent of decompression melting, givesway to conductive cooling to a deep level, forces melting tostop at such a deep level, leads to a short melting column,and thus produces less melt and probably a thin magmatic crustrelative to the less dense (more refractory) fertile mantlebeneath shallow ridges. Compositions of primitive MORB meltsresult from the combination of two different, but geneticallyrelated processes: (1) mantle source inheritance and (2) meltingprocess enhancement. The subsolidus mantle compositional variationneeded to explain MORB chemistry and ridge axial depth variationrequires a deep isostatic compensation depth, probably in thetransition zone. Therefore, although ocean ridges are of shalloworigin, their working is largely controlled by deep processesas well as the effect of plate spreading rate variation at shallowlevels. KEY WORDS: mid-ocean ridges; mantle melting; magma differentiation; petrogenesis; MORB chemistry variation; ridge depth variation; global correlations; mantle compositional variation; mantle source density variation; mantle potential temperature variation; isostatic compensation     

初论古文化类型演替与传承模式的区域分异——以西拉沐沦河流域和汶泗流域为例

西拉沐沦河流域地处中国地貌大势三大台阶之中台阶与低台阶的过渡区。该区的中度抬升和下切,造成了西拉沐沦河流域考古文化遗址在空间上的垂向迁移;频繁的迁移也导致了考古遗址在堆积形态上主要表现为单一型,体现了不同考古文化之间“间断”的,不稳定的传承方式。位于中国地貌大势之低台阶上的汶泗流域,属自下古生代以来就十分稳定的剥蚀区,这些自然条件造成了汶泗流域遗址在堆积形态上主要表现为叠置型,考古文化在时空上,很少随着时间做空间上的改变,基本上在同一水平空间稳定不动,体现了不同考古文化之间“连续”、稳定的传承方式。两个流域的对比研究说明,不同地域、不同的自然条件,可以造成考古文化演替与传承模式的区域分异。     

ORACLE空间数据库的对象-关系模式初探——兼议关系数据库和面向对象数据库在GIS中的应用

传统的关系数据库在GIS的应用中主要存在以下问题: 除数据类型简单, 不能很好地表达非结构化数据外, 也难以表示GIS中具有复杂结构的数据; 关系模型简单, 不能表达数据之间的层次, 继承、聚合、泛化或特化等在GIS广泛使用的关系; 与数据操纵语言如SQL和通用程序设计语言, 特别是目前流行的面向对象设计语言之间失配.采用面向对象技术可以较好地解决上述问题.ORACLE的空间数据库在传统的关系数据库上进行了面向对象的扩展, 即所谓对象-关系模式, 其核心在于增加了名为SDO-GEOMETRY的对象数据类型, 用于存储几何实体.ORACLE的空间数据库的应用示例表明: 以面向对象的形式表示空间数据比之于关系数据库中存放大量无意义的坐标有着很大的优势, 同时, 它在复合对象的表达方面, 在对于空间关系的处理方面都非常有效      

四川红层丘陵区地下水开发利用空间数据库建设与调查区划工作关系的研究

通过四川省东部红层丘陵区＂找水打井＂工程项目数据库建设与工程调查、规划工作方法的结合,探讨了四川红层丘陵区＂找水打井＂工程地下水调查与区划空间数据库图层设置的关系,对于全省以县（市、区）为单位的空间数据库建设具有较强的指导作用,也为今后提高类似地质调查项目数据库建设的实用性提供了借鉴。     

Risk analysis of landslides – A case study

The effects of uncertainty due to the variability of soil parameters on the risk of landsliding in the Himalayan region are investigated using a random field model combined with slope stability analyses. Effects of spatial variability both in horizontal and vertical directions, number of test samples, variations in piezometric level and the influence of earthquake on the reliability of a typical slope in a slide area are investigated. The results show that the reliability of slopes in the slide area is significantly affected by the coefficients of variation of soil parameters, spatial variations of soil parameters, number of test samples and piezometric variations. The results also show that the assumption of isotropic variations to assess slope reliability isconservative. The results of the study are useful in providing guidelines and pointing to remedial measures in the form of sub-surface drainage to improve slope reliability in the area.