对我国防震减灾法律体系的分析思考

我国是世界上地震灾害最为严重的国家之一。50余年的防震减灾工作实践表明,健全防震减灾法律体系对于提升我国地震灾害防御能力具有十分重要的作用。采用文献查阅、对比分析等方法,在全面梳理我国防震减灾法律体系现状的基础上,总结分析了存在的4个方面问题,并借鉴日本和美国的先进经验,提出了出台《自然灾害防治法》、修订《突发事件应对法》,适时修订防震减灾有关法律法规,进一步明确防震减灾职权主体的法定职责任务,完善地方防震减灾法律体系等对策建议。     

Introduction to Volume 323 (6) – Proceedings of the Special Colloquium “European Astronomy in the 20th Century” at the Joint European and National Astronomical Meeting (JENAM) for 2001

This issue of AN contains the proceedings of the Special Colloquium “European Astronomy in the 20th Century”, which formed part of the JENAM (2001) conference in Munich, Germany. Subjects covered are the history of γ‐ray and radio astronomy, extragalactic research and compact objects, new media, southern observatories and ESO, as well as some archaeoastronomical questions. Some biographic sketches of individual European astronomers are also given.     

TEXTUAL RESEARCH OF 1568 M7 GAOLING EARTHQUAKE IN SHAANXI AND ANALYSIS OF ITS SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE

Study of historical earthquake is one of the important methods to understand the seismic activities and analyze the seismogenic faults. On the May 25^th, 1568 AD, a destructive earthquake occurred to the northeast of the present-day city of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. Because this earthquake happened shortly after the 1556 M8 earthquake and was regarded as an aftershock, it has received little attention in previous studies. Previous earthquake catalogue agreed in assigning a magnitude 6 3/4 to this earthquake but had different epicentral locations and seismic intensity, and the seismogenic structure remains ambiguous. Based on textual research of historical earthquake and field investigation, the Jingyang County, Gaoling County, and Xianning County, were the worst hit area by the earthquake, and the areas, including Yongle Town, Gaozhuang Town at southeastern Jingyang County to Gaoling County and its southeastern present-day Jijia and Zhangbu, should be the mesoseismal area of this earthquake. The epicenter intensity of this earthquake is Ⅸ⁺(9~10 degrees), and the magnitude is estimated to be 7. The isoseismal lines were drawn to exhibit the various intensities of the areas damaged during the event, with its major axis directed NWW. Intensities reached Ⅸ⁺ in the zone extending west-northwest parallel to the Weinan-Jingyang Fault. This fault, characterized by a normal fault that developed during the Cenozoic extensional history of the Weihe Basin, dipping to the north at an angle of 60°~80°, is one part of the southern boundary faults in Weihe graben. There are geomorphological and geological evidences of recent activity of the fault during (180±30)a BP to (1 600±30)a BP. At T₁-T₂ fluvial terraces on the north bank of Weihe River, the scarps were faulted during Ming Dynasty, and sandy soil liquefaction, dense structural tensional fissures and faulted strata are noted in stratigraphic profiles and trenches. Thus, we suggest that this fault can reliably be regarded as being active during Holocene, and re-name the earthquake as the Shaanxi Gaoling earthquake.     

农居结构隔震技术研究现状

从地基隔震、基础隔震和混合隔震三类隔震技术3个方面分别阐述了农居结构隔震技术的国内外研究现状。重点介绍了常用的摩擦滑移隔震技术以及隔震滑移位移问题;针对农居工程建设的现状,提出了几个亟待解决或需进一步研究完善的问题。可为从事该研究和设计工作的相关人员提供一定的参考。     

Quo vadis,hydrology?

This is an invited essay by the Dooge Medallist of the 2017 International Hydrological Prize. The paper reflects a broad perspective on hydrology, as a result of the author’s long experience. It is suggested that transgressing the traditional hydrological perspective, by increasing the scale of research, as well as interdisciplinarization have been, and are likely to remain, key drivers of the development of hydrology. Gaps in knowledge and research challenges are reviewed, and the interlinked areas of stationarity, extremes and projections for the future are discussed. Finally, after reviewing the achievements of Jim Dooge, examples of others following in his footsteps are presented.     

山东省滨州市地下水污染现状研究

水资源是人类赖以生存的不可替代的物质基础,在全球经济和社会可持续发展过程中占有相当重要的地位。近年来,随着工业和农业的快速发展以及城镇人口的快速增长,随之而来的石油类污染、纺织印染污染、城市垃圾和生产生活污水的不合理处置以及农业生产农药、化肥的大量使用,造成本来有限的地下水污染状况日趋加重。以20世纪80年代时期地下水水质测试资料为背景,利用2015年以及近年来取得的大量水质测试资料,采用"污染指数法",对山东省滨州市进行区域地下水污染综合评价。研究表明:滨州市地下水无机污染以硝酸根、亚硝酸根、氯化物和硫酸盐为主,有机污染以二氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、三氯甲烷为主。相比而言黄河以北地区因地下水水位埋藏较浅,包气带岩性以砂岩为主,而且化工和皮革鞣质加工企业较多,因此受到有机污染危害更大一些。     

重力位能同震变化及其构造意义——以青藏高原地区为例

地震除了以地震波的形式释放能量之外,地震还会使地球产生永久变形,该变形将使重力位能产生变化.研究表明,地壳的重力位能的同震变化能够很好地揭示构造活动的拉张或挤压状态.本文首先基于球对称、非自转、弹性和各向同性(SNREI)地球的点源位错理论,提出了一种有效的计算重力位能的同震变化的方法,该方法不仅适用于剪切型地震,而且适用于拉张型地震;然后研究了青藏高原地区在1976-2013年间发生的地震对地壳重力位能的同震变化的影响.结果表明,青藏高原中部和西部的地震使得整个地壳的位能减小,而东部的地震使位能增大;位能的减小和增大对应了该地区构造活动的拉张和挤压状态;并且1999-2013年期间较1976-1998年期间地震对地壳重力位能的影响加剧.     

内蒙古乌梁素海浮游动物与底栖动物调查

乌梁素海是全球荒漠半荒漠地区极为少见的大型草原湖泊,是我国北方侯鸟重要的迁徙和繁殖地,2002年被国际湿地公约组织正式列入国际重要湿地名录.为了对乌梁素海的浮游动物及底柄动物进一步深入的研究,从2004年4月至2005年1月共进行了4次监测.浮游动物共检出34属62种,比20年前减少3种.其中原生动物11属16种;轮虫17属33种;枝角类4属4种;桡足类5属9种.大型浮游动物(包括枝角类、桡足类及轮虫)全年平均丰度为687ind.、L,平均生物量为3.4985mg、L;原生动物平均丰度为2.508×104 ind/L.平均生物量为0.1254mg/L.底栖动物共检出4科11种,比20年前减少39种.底栖动物两次调查的平均丰度为3031.4ind/m2.平均生物量为71.67g/m2.调查结果显示,随着季节的变化,浮游动物丰度及生物量变化幅度很大,夏季最高,春季次之,秋冬两季极低.利用浮游动物和底栖动物生物量作为水体状况评价指标对乌梁素海营养状况进行初步评价,得出乌梁素海水体处于富营养化状态.     

四川兴文5.7级地震烈度评定及结构震害简析

四川兴文5.7级地震共致宜宾市兴文县、珙县和长宁县3个县22个乡镇受灾,震区抗震设防烈度为Ⅵ度。震区主要建筑物结构类型为框架结构、砖混结构、砖木结构和土木结构,大多数房屋没有经过抗震设防加固,抗震性能一般。通过对震区3个县68个抽样点的调查,发现框架结构和设防砖混结构在此次地震中表现出了良好的抗震性能。同时对不同结构类型房屋的构造方式、分布情况和震害特点进行了分析,并针对不同的震害特征,为今后该地区的灾后恢复重建和防震减灾工作提出了对策建议。     

秦王川盆地西缘断裂活动性综合研究及盆地成因分析

秦王川盆地西缘断裂发育于陇中盆地地震构造区内部,本文对其进行了综合研究。浅层人工地震探测表明,该断裂在最小埋深130m处有显示,联合钻探结果表明该深度处为新近纪湖相沉积地层,泥岩层顶面向盆地方向呈斜坡状,槽探未揭露出断层。综合研究表明该断裂发育在新近纪地层内部,并未上穿第四纪沉积物,属于前第四纪隐伏断层。秦王川盆地在古近纪—新近纪山间泛湖盆的基础上,由于区域构造应力不均匀挤压抬升,形成山间负向地形,成为第四纪多变环境下河流堆积的拗陷盆地。秦王川盆地西缘断裂不具有控制中强地震空间分布的作用和形成地表破裂的能力,对盆地的构造稳定性不构成影响,亦不影响兰州新区的规划发展。