Highlights of Recent Scientific Earthquake Hazard Mitigation

Earthquakes are a serious natural disaster faced by countries all over the world. Research on earthquake hazard mitigation are important parts of earthquake science and is a feature of China''s development of earthquake science. In recent years, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of the People''s Republic of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the China Earthquake Administration (CEA) have attached great importance to basic research on earthquake hazard mitigation, and new opportunities and challenges have emerged. This paper collects the applications and approvals of the National Key R&D Program and the NSFC projects undertaken by the research institutes of the CEA system in recent years. The CEA system has received funding in the 13th “Five-year Plan” for “Monitoring, Early Warning and Prevention of Major Natural Disaster”. The implementation of these projects is expected to provide support for the basic science and applied research of the CEA system. In the NSFC, the number of applications from the CEA system is relatively stable, and the funding rate is slightly higher than the average for the department of earth science. Although no detailed statistical analysis has been performed, the CEA system still has room for improvement in the application of talent and major programs. I hope that the brief review of new opportunities that have arose in recent years described in this article can provide some background and new thinking for future challenges.     

塘沽地电阻率观测轻轨干扰降噪处理

随着地铁轻轨的迅速发展,我国大多数地电阻率测项受到不同程度干扰,诸多学者为此提出采用小波方法进行滤波的建议。文中拟采用小波和HHT滤波方法,以受津滨轻轨干扰严重的塘沽地电阻率观测资料为例,进行降噪处理,对比2种方法的滤波效果,以获得更好的滤波方法。     

基于地脉动噪声的呼伦贝尔地区监测能力研究

基于地脉动噪声计算方法,以呼伦贝尔市地震台网8个台站连续波形资料为基础,对地震观测台网监测能力进行评估,同时开展台网优化和科学布局研究。通过累计的历史噪声数据,用来评估台站观测环境的变迁,及时掌握地震监测能力的变化。该成果将为地震速报、重点地震危险区震情跟踪、强震后现场应急提供科学参考。     

加筋土挡墙变形特性研究进展

从理论研究、模型试验、数值模拟和实地调查四方面评述了国内外加筋土挡墙变形特性的研究成果。理论研究方面分析并归纳了研究方法和挡墙变形计算公式;模型试验和数值模拟介绍了已有的静、动力模型试验成果和常用的数值模拟方法。实地调查介绍了现有调查结论及部分规范、标准规定的位移限值。通过4种方式的研究情况介绍,指出了当前加筋土挡墙变形特性研究中存在的一些不足,并进一步阐述了今后的研究方向。     

非传统湖泊水色遥感的现状与发展

外界环境条件以及自身因素的驱动,改变了传统湖泊水色遥感垂向均一的理论假设前提,基于垂向非均匀条件的湖泊水体水色参数的遥感称之为非传统湖泊水色遥感.本文分析了传统水色遥感面临的挑战,且非传统湖泊水色遥感中藻类叶绿素a浓度的垂向分布类型及其定量表达、水下光场分布的定量表达模型与数值模拟方法,给出垂向异质水体遥感反射比的定量表达式,分析了藻类垂向异质对水色参数遥感反演模型的影响,最后提出下一步需要重点关注的问题.     

美国南极科研投入的统计分析及其对我国的启示

近些年来南极科研越来越受到世界各国的重视,作为《南极条约》的发起者和南极条约体系的管理者,美国始终站在南极科学研究前沿,对维护其国际南极事务领导地位有着重要意义。1953—2016年美国国家科学基金资助了7 759个南极科研项目,通过统计分析对项目投入进行以下4个方面的分析:南极项目投入、南极科研各学科投入、科研大项目以及合作机构。研究发现:(1)1953年至今,美国国家科学基金会(NSF)对美国南极科研项目的资助力度和重视力度不断增加,促进了美国南极政策的落实和发展;(2)美国各大科学指导机构出台的前瞻性文件对引领美国南极科考发展方向起到重要作用;(3)NSF充分利用各高等院校和研究机构的资源设施,搭建科研支撑平台,与之展开长期南极科研项目合作;(4)NSF重视科研大项目的开展,这些大项目站在南极科学前沿,引领美国南极科研更好地发展;(5)NSF通过学校、社会、媒体多个渠道开展南极教育,增进群众对南极了解并培养科研人员来维护美国在南极的科考领先地位。上述研究发现为中国南极科研政策制定提供了相应的启示。     

"98·7"鄂东特大暴雨雷达反演资料的变分同化数值试验

采用η坐标中尺度有限区域模式,对"98·7"鄂东沿江突发性特大暴雨进行了数字化天气雷达探测降水资料调整湿度廓线的一维变分同化的敏感性试验.结果表明(1)最速下降算法的控制精度EPS取值越小,则变分同化后模式预报的降水量更接近于实况,但迭代次数会增加.(2)降水资料进行同化时,在一定程度上忽略降水量值相对较小的点的同化,对结果不会产生重大影响,但降雨核(强降水中心)的同化至关重要,其参与同化与否可以影响整个预报效果.     

大功率激电测深法寻找焦家式深部金矿床的应用研究

大功率的激电测深法在寻找焦家式深部金矿中取得了大量的资料,由多次去除极化单元场的原理对导出大功率激电测深资料进行消除浅部强激电干扰异常,从而突出了深部矿床的激电异常,并利用处理后的激电测深曲线,定量求取了深部金矿蚀变矿化带的顶界面埋深。认为当供电极距达到一定值时,极化电场仍然会反映到地表,因此该方法可以寻找焦家式破碎带蚀变岩型的深部金矿床。     

我国土壤中铜的污染现状与修复研究进展

铜是动植物必需的微量营养元素,但过量的铜会严重影响动植物的生长。近年来,随着工农业的迅速发展,土壤铜污染已成为重要的土壤环境污染问题之一。土壤铜污染不仅降低土壤环境质量,而且影响植物、土壤微生物、土壤酶活性等的平衡稳定发展,并威胁农产品质量安全。文中综述现阶段我国土壤铜污染的来源、污染现状,分析了土壤铜污染的特点及对土壤生态系统的危害,介绍土壤铜污染的预防方法,分析并总结目前用于治理土壤铜污染的修复技术原理、适用性及其国内外研究与发展动态,进一步提出未来我国土壤铜污染修复技术有待深入研究的相关问题,以期为我国土壤铜污染的研究和修复治理提供参考。     

Culture,demography and biogeography of sponge science: From past conferences to strategic research?

Perceived changes in the culture of sponge science and sponge conferences served as motivation for an evaluation of the sponge science community and research, over time and at present. Observed changes included a decrease in proceedings publications on sponge fossils and freshwater sponges, sponges from temperate environments, review papers and data syntheses, frequency of aquarium studies, and number of species investigated per publication. Publications on recent sponges, hexactinellids, calcareans, marine, Indo‐Pacific and warm‐water sponges increased, as well as the number of authors per publication and the proportion of field studies. Studies at the level of specimens and ultrastructure were gradually replaced by molecular approaches, but studies at the community level remained stable. The five sub‐disciplines morphology/taxonomy, phylogeny/evolution, physiology, ecology and faunistics also retained about equal proportions over time. Conference publications related to taxonomy, phylogeny and biodiversity prevailed, whereas those on management and conservation were rare, possibly because studies on sponge recovery, survival and mortality were also scarce. The community of sponge scientists has grown and become more diverse over time, presently representing 72 nations. The gender distribution evened out since the first sponge conference and presently favours women at early and men at late career stages. Although stated research interests are generally dominated by physiology and ecology, taxonomy and evolution are favoured after retirement. Sponge science has become more dynamic, but maybe also more competitive and less inclusive. We now face the dual challenge of safeguarding against the loss of some sub‐disciplines, and fostering the collaborative, helpful culture characteristic of sponge science.