我国资源与环境信息系统发展管见

我国的资源与环境信息系统(ERIS)技术,起步较晚,发展迅速,已跻身国际先进行列。在基础研究、应用实验以及同遥感技术的结合方面,进行了成功的探索和开拓,并具有中国特色。通过“七五”科技攻关,在信息与信息系统的规范化、标准化方面,建立不同层次和应用目标的区域信息系统的技术、方法,研制和开发地理信息系统软件、应用分析模型,以及在理论总结方面,取得了丰硕的成果和技术进步,成为一个独立发展的新的前沿领域。90年代,它同航天遥感技术密切结合,共同发展,迎接国民经济和社会发展中重大资源环境急务和全球变化的挑战。在资源与环境动态监测与趋势预报,重大自然灾害监测与预警以及灾情评估与减灾对策,城市、经济开发区的规划、开发与管理,全球环境变化等方面,发挥科学技术的先导作用。同时,继续加强新技术跟踪和空间信息科学的理论研究,在国家规范、标准的制定,业务系统的建立与实用化,信息共享与网络化,模型、专家系统及软件的开发与商品化,同遥感信息工程的结合使其一体化等方面,仍需深入探索,继续攻坚,以期形成完整的理论和技术体系。     

Shenandoah Watershed Study-Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Study (SWAS-VTSSS): Stream water quality and hydrologic monitoring data for mid-Appalachian headwater streams

The Shenandoah Watershed Study (established in 1979) and the Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Study (established in 1987) serve to increase understanding of hydrological and biogeochemical changes in western Virginia mountain streams that occur in response to acidic deposition and other ecosystem stressors. The SWAS-VTSSS program has evolved over its 40+ year history to consist of a temporally robust and spatially stratified monitoring framework. Currently stream water is sampled for water quality bi-hourly during high-flow events at three sites and weekly at four sites within Shenandoah National Park (SHEN), and quarterly at 72 sites and on an approximately decadal frequency at ~450 sites within the wider western Virginia Appalachian region. Stream water is evaluated for pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), base cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium ion), acid anions (sulphate, nitrate and chloride), silica, ammonium, and conductivity with a subset of samples evaluated for monomeric aluminium and dissolved organic carbon. Hourly stream discharge (four sites) and in-situ measurements of conductivity, water and air temperature (three sites) are also measured within SHEN. Here we provide an overview and timeline of the SWAS-VTSSS stream water monitoring program, summarize the field and laboratory methods, describe the water chemistry and hydrologic data sets, and document major watershed disturbances that have occurred during the program history. Website links and instructions are provided to access the stream chemistry and time-series monitoring data in open-access federal databases. The purpose of this publication is to promote awareness of these unique, long-term data sets for wider use in catchment studies. The water chemistry and hydrologic data can be used to investigate a wide range of biogeochemical research questions and provide key inputs for models of these headwater stream ecosystems. SWAS-VTSSS is an ongoing program and quality assured data sets are uploaded to the databases annually.     

Long-term hydrology and aquatic biogeochemistry data from H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest,Cascade Mountains,Oregon

The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in western Oregon, USA. Hydrologic, chemistry and precipitation data have been collected, curated, and archived for up to 70 years. The HJA was established in 1948 to study the effects of harvest of old-growth conifer forest and logging-road construction on water quality, quantity and vegetation succession. Over time, research questions have expanded to include terrestrial and aquatic species, communities and ecosystem dynamics. There are nine small experimental watersheds and 10 gaging stations in the HJA, including both reference and experimentally treated watersheds. Gaged watershed areas range from 8.5 to 6242 ha. All gaging stations record stage height, water conductivity, water temperature and above-stream air temperature. At nine of the gage sites, flow-proportional water samples are collected and composited over 3-week intervals for chemical analysis. Analysis of stream and precipitation chemistry began in 1968. Analytes include dissolved and particulate species of nitrogen and phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, pH, specific conductance, suspended sediment, alkalinity, and major cations and anions. Supporting climate measurements began in the 1950s in association with the first small watershed experiments. Over time, and following the initiation of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) grant in 1980, infrastructure expanded to include a set of benchmark and secondary meteorological stations located in clearings spanning the elevation range within the Lookout Creek watershed, as well as a large number of forest understory temperature stations. Extensive metadata on sensor configurations, changes in methods over time, sensor accuracy and precision, and data quality control flags are associated with the HJA data.     

钢骨混凝土结构抗震研究综述

介绍了钢骨混凝土结构的特点以及抗震研究发展现状,指出了这种结构在抗震研究中存在的主要问题和今后需要进一步研究的方向。     

同位素地球化学方法与地震研究及地震预报

通过在地震活动区对有关地质体的K—Ar、Ar—Ar、FT、TL、~(14)C、ESR、U系等同位素年代学、地下水及其释放气体的D/H、~(13)C/~(12)C、~(18)O/~(16)O等稳定同位素以及He、Ar等稀有气体同位素的研究,可获得有关新构造运动的时间序列、断层运动的时间、地质体热历史以及地下断层流体运动的许多重要信息。因而,同位素地球化学已逐渐在研究地震成因机制以及监测预报地震中发挥重要作用。     

论地方地震科研工作的制约因素及改革对策

本文列据说明地方地震科技队伍是一支重要力量，但与专业地震科学队伍相比较，因制约因素多，存在很大差距，要发挥地方地震科学队伍的作用，必须走改革之路，在认识上、组织上、步调上应该协调统一，以达到专群，上下真正结合。     

磁共振用于医学成像与地面找水方法的技术对比研究

目的 医学核磁共振与地面核磁共振找水是核磁共振技术应用的不同领域。本文通过对二者在方法原理、技术、应用等方面的对比研究，提出了地面核磁共振找水工作建议。     

从第22届IUGG大会看地震预测研究

1999年 7月 19～ 3 0日 ,第 2 2届 IUGG大会在英国伯明翰大学举行。从提交的论文中可以看出 ,有关地震预测和地震灾害的研究仍是地学界关注的热点问题。文章介绍了这次大会反映出的有关地震预测研究的情况。     

Pressure-resistant instruments

Prospects of using case-free pressure-resistant instruments for geophysical work and marine research are briefly considered.     

沉积盆地波动过程分析研究现状与发展趋势

沉积盆地波动过程分析方法是一种较新的盆地分析方法,该方法以物理学中有关波的理论为基础,以波动的观点来分析地壳运动,本文介绍了沉积盆地波动过程分析的基本概念、发展过程、方法原理、研究步骤,从含油气盆地分析的四个主要研究内容论述了波动过程分析法研究现状,并探讨了它的发展趋势.