黄河流域甘肃段地质灾害发育特征

黄河流域甘肃段是甘肃省地质灾害最为集中的区域。截止2019年底,查明地质灾害点共12829处,占全省灾害总量的70.83%。按照水系分布划分,以渭河流域、泾河流域、黄河干流流域最为发育,其他水系次之。依据空间分布特征,划分为永登—靖远等北部泥石流灾害为主的区段、中部崩塌滑坡泥石流集中区段、南部崩塌滑坡泥石流为主的区段和玛曲—碌曲地质灾害轻微发育区段。依据时间分布特征,具有2—5月冻融期、7—9月主汛期两个高发时段。地质灾害具有小灾巨损、群发巨损和链式巨损等致灾特征。单体灾害易形成巨大损失,降雨、地震引发的群发性地质灾害往往损失巨大,同时崩滑流阻断河道形成的堰塞湖风险也常有发生。     

中国东部中生代岩浆岩的时空分布及其与热液型铀矿的关系

中国东部中生代岩浆活动强烈,热液型铀矿分布广泛。空间上,自北而南可划分出大兴安岭、小兴安岭-长白山、冀北-辽西、大别山北缘、长江中下游、扬子陆块东南缘、武夷-云开、东南沿海8个火山-侵入岩带和沽源-红山子、青龙-兴城、庐枞-栖霞、赣杭、武夷山、桃山-诸广、郴州-钦州、湘中、雪峰山-摩天岭9个热液型铀成矿带以及满洲里-额尔古纳、扎兰屯、伊春、金寨、天目山5个铀成矿远景带;时间上,从早到晚可划分出250~230Ma、228~205Ma、195~175Ma、165~150Ma、145~130Ma、126~115Ma、110~100Ma、97~80Ma 8个不同时期的岩浆活动和早期深源高温、晚期浅源低温两个成矿系统,深源高温成矿系统可划分出11个矿床式,浅源低温成矿系统可划分出15个矿床式。勘查成果显示,热液型铀矿对岩浆岩的岩性岩相没有选择性,但与特定时期的岩浆岩有密切的关系,其中与花岗岩有关的热液型铀矿主要赋存在三叠纪花岗岩中,与火山岩有关的热液型铀矿主要赋存在早白垩世早期高钾钙碱性流纹岩-碱性粗面岩组合中,而且晚期高侵位小岩体或火山斑岩体的内、外接触带是有利的赋矿部位。     

滇西北剑湖湿地海菜花（Ottelia acuminata）群落物种组成及种群分布格局

群落物种组成及种群分布格局特征是揭示种群发展趋势及与环境相互关系的基础.以滇西北剑湖湿地海菜花群落为对象,采用样方法与扩散系数法对其物种组成与种群分布格局进行研究.结果表明:群落共有物种18种,分属12科、14属,包括沉水、漂浮、浮叶及湿生4类生活型;海菜花(Ottelia acuminata)、豆瓣菜(Nasturtium officinale)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和草茨藻(Najas graminea)呈集群分布,其余种群呈随机分布;海菜花种群个体间拥挤效应最大,种内竞争最为激烈.保育海菜花种源、开展流域和生境治理以减缓湖泊沼泽化进程,是目前剑湖海菜花群落保护的当务之急.     

弧形防波堤波浪力试验研究

在圆筒形防波堤和V形防波堤的基础上,结合离岸堤后形成V形和半圆形连续出现的韵律海岸的地貌平面形态特点,提出一种前墙为连续的半圆筒形防波堤形式。通过在波浪水槽内进行规则波物理模型试验,探究这一新型防波堤的波压力分布规律及波高、周期、水深等因素对波压力的影响。将试验结果与海港水文公式和合田良实公式计算的理论值对比分析,给出了以合田良实公式的折减系数来拟合新型弧形防波堤波浪总水平力的计算公式。结果表明:新型弧形防波堤上的波压力随波高、周期的增大而增大,其水平波浪总力比同等尺度直墙少10%左右。     

Vertical distribution of the macrobenthic community and its relationships to trace metals and natural sediment characteristics in the lower Douro estuary, Portugal

Vertical distribution (0–15 cm) of the macrobenthic community and its relationships to natural sediment characteristics and trace metal contents and bioavailability were studied at five locations in the lower Douro estuary, Portugal. An analysis of vertical metal distribution, for the interpretation of anthropogenic impact on the estuarine sediments, was also investigated. Sediment characterisation included organic matter, grain size, metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, Zn and Mn), acid volatile sulphide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM). The macrobenthic community had low diversity (14 species), was dominated by small size opportunists and seemed to be controlled mainly by natural factors such as grain size distribution, Al and Fe contents and sediment depth. The vertically heterogeneous distribution of macrobenthic community appears to affect redox status of the sediments and consequently metal bioavailability. Despite anthropogenic contamination in terms of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni having already been detected in the north bank, the analysis of vertical distribution was essential for the identification of current anthropogenic contamination in terms of Zn, Pb and Cd in the south bank.     

登陆北上山东台风暴雨非对称分布的成因对比分析

应用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,选取登陆北上山东地点相近但暴雨落区分别位于台风中心西北侧和东北侧的两个台风,分析暴雨落区相对台风中心非对称分布的成因。结果表明：台风进入中纬度以后,0421号台风“海马”位于高空深槽前,与西风槽相互作用,西风槽携带的冷空气从西北侧侵入台风环流,产生湿斜压锋区强迫抬升、冷暖空气交绥、水汽辐合等因素造成暴雨,暴雨趋于出现在台风中心的西北侧,为高比湿舌前方、较强水汽辐合区与相当位温密集区叠加的区域;而0509号台风“麦莎”与副热带高压相互作用,引起涡度及涡度平流的非对称改变,暴雨区与500 hPa正涡度区或正涡度平流相对应,暴雨趋于出现在台风中心的东北侧,为强正涡度平流区与水汽辐合叠加的区域。     

Modelling the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall: a case study in the wet and dry tropics of North East Australia

Rainfall regimes with strong spatial and temporal variation are characteristic of many coastal regions of north and eastern Australia. In coastal regions of north eastern Australia, regimes vary considerably over short distances. This occurs because of changes in local topography, including the height and orientation of mountain ranges and the direction of the coastline with respect to the prevailing moist south east air stream. Northern Australia experiences a tropical monsoon climate with rainfall occurring predominantly during the summer months. Areas with a closer proximity to the coast typically experience the heavier rainfalls. While networks of rainfall gauges have been established and continuous records are available for most of these stations from the 1890s, their low distribution density relative to the complexity of rainfall pattern they are required to represent means that there remains a poor understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in the wet tropics. An enhanced knowledge of rainfall distribution in both space and time has the potential to deliver significant economic and environmental benefits to managers of natural resources. This paper reports on the application of a technique for estimating mean annual and mean monthly rainfall across the Herbert River catchment of north east Australia's dry and wet tropics. The technique utilises thin plate smoothing splines to incorporate both location and elevation into estimates of rainfall distribution. We demonstrate that the method can be applied successfully at the meso scale and within the domain of routinely available data. As such, the method has broad relevance for decision making.     

广西原状红粘土力学性状与水敏性特征

对广西原状红粘土的力学指标、胀缩特性与孔径分布随脱湿过程的演化规律进行了较为系统的室内试验研究。结果表明：广西原状红粘土为裂隙发育的硬塑性粘土,不同脱湿阶段的力学指标与胀缩性能在较高含水量范围内受基质吸力控制,在较低的含水量范围内主要受控于裂隙性;转折点处含水量与重型击实(干法备样)最优含水量相接近;原状红粘土的孔隙主要以孔径从0.01 μm～0.05 μm的小孔隙为主,在脱湿过程中,干密度增大,总孔隙体积减小,以0.01 μm～0.05 μm与0.1 μm～1.0 μm两个区间内孔隙体积减小最为明显。     

渤中凹陷西南部古新世—始新世构造差异活动及沉积充填演化

渤海海域渤中凹陷西南部构造复杂,其沉积充填演化规律不明确。综合运用岩芯、测井以及三维地震资料,对该区断陷湖盆古新世—始新世的构造活动、沉积体系以及盆地充填演化规律进行了系统研究。研究表明,渤中凹陷西南部古近纪孔店-沙河街组发育孔店组末期、沙三段末期、沙一二段末期等3期构造活动,多次隆升剥蚀形成3个关键层序界面,控制整个湖盆古近纪孔店-沙河街组的层序结构和古地貌形态。古新世—始新世主要发育近源扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、湖泊以及湖底扇等4种沉积体系类型,其分布受古物源、古地貌、断裂活动等因素制约。在古新世孔店组沉积裂陷早期,湖盆范围小,物源供给充足,陡坡带和缓坡带均以发育扇三角洲沉积为主,湖盆中心发育湖底扇沉积,晚期湖盆逐渐萎缩;始新世早期的沙三段沉积时期,断陷活动加强,随着盆地范围的扩张,物源供应减弱,湖盆洼陷区主要发育湖底扇沉积。始新世晚期沙一二段裂后沉降期,辫状河三角洲进积特征明显,分布范围广,局部地貌高位置发育湖相碳酸盐岩沉积。不同时期构造差异活动与物源供给共同制约着该区古近纪孔店-沙河街组的沉积充填演化过程,也导致了与渤海海域其他构造区沉积充填的差异性。