Morphological Comparison between Chinese Ayu and Japanese Ayu and Establishment of Plecoglossus altivelis chinensis Wu&Shan subsp.nov.

Ayu(Plecoglossus altivelis)belongs to Osmeri-formes,Qsmeridae,Plecoglossus.It is small-sized,one-year living species with high economic value.It can befound in China,Japan,the Peninsula of Korea,andthe north of Vietnam.Nishida(1988)classifiedJapanese native Ayu into two subspecies:nominatesubspecies(Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis)mainlydistributed in the mainland of Japan,the peninsula ofKorea,Taiwan and China mainland;Ryukyus sub-species(Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis)only dis-tr…     

青藏高原自然环境的演化与分异

青藏高原的强烈隆起导致其本身自然环境的巨大变化和自然区域的明显分异。本文阐明上新世以来青藏地区由低海拔亚热带环境向高寒环境的演化以及因全球气候冷暖波动所引起的变化。对山地垂直自然带结构类型的划分和此较研究,揭示了与山体效应密切相关的分布模式。在自然地域分异规律的背景上,探讨了水汽通道、干旱河谷和寒旱核心等高原山地独特的地生态现象。     

Deformation-driven differentiation of granitic magma: the Stepninsk pluton of the Uralides, Russia

The wide compositional spectrum of the Variscan batholiths of the Urals, a continuum from gabbros (or diorites) to leucogranites, was produced by crystal fractionation, but the physical mechanisms involved in formation of the bodies remains obscure. To test whether syn-magmatic deformation was essential to enhance the efficiency of the process, we studied the Main Series of Stepninsk, a pluton emplaced into an active crustal-scale strike-slip shear zone. The Main Series (>95 vol.% of total granitoids) is high-K calc-alkaline, comprises rocks with SiO₂ from 51 to 77 wt.%, and stands out because most major and many trace elements yield excellent linear or curvilinear correlations with silica. It includes deformed gabbrodiorites to monzogranites, and undeformed syenogranites to alaskites. Deformed and undeformed rocks are coeval (283±2 Ma). All rocks, irrespective of their silica content, have the same initial Sr and Nd isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_{283 Ma}=0.70488±0.000131; ε(Nd)_{283 Ma}=−0.79±0.49), and contain amphibole and biotite with the same compositions. Based on thermodynamic and trace-element fractionation simulations, we propose a model of deformation-driven filter-pressing differentiation consistent with these features. The Main Series is derived from a hydrous high-K granodioritic magma which intruded containing 0.3 of early-formed solids. These accumulated locally by flow differentiation to produce the gabbrodiorites. The crystallization continued until the fraction of solids was higher than 0.55, after which different magma batches were efficiently squeezed by differential stress coupled with the opening of tensile fractures in the shear zone. This process produced a range of residua and segregates, the composition of which depended on the fraction of early-formed solids, the fraction of solids present when squeezing occurred and, especially, the efficiency of melt segregation. The monzodiorites and quartz–monzodiorites represent efficiently squeezed residua, the granodiorites to monzogranites represent unfractionated or little fractionated magma batches, and the leucogranites represent melt segregates with a few entrained crystals of amphibole and biotite. We proposed that wide-spectrum fractionation of granite magmas mainly occurs when they crystallize under compressive regimes, and is caused by deformation-driven filter-pressing differentiation.     

Residential space differentiation of nanjing metropolis and its dynamic mechanism in 1912–1998

Since 1978, within social geographic pattern of Chinese metropolis, differentiation not only has come to be in social entity, but also by some degree embodied within residential space. Through the study on spatial segregation, the authors implicate these above spatial differentiation from social polarization to residential segregation cause by change in the political economy, in the organization of urban and real estate development (from project-specific to comprehensive development and real estate development) and in the functions and value of urban planning (from a sectional-subordinated to a municipally based control). The imprints of transition on social space are illustrated eight references to the example of Nanjing metropolis. Among the new phenomenal identified here are the six types of residential area according to soci-economic status. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59838280) and the Resource and Ecological Environment Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. (KZ952-J1-206). Biography: ZHU Xi-gang(1956–), male, a native of Taicang City of Jiangsu Province, is a Ph. D. student of Nanjing University and associate professor. His research interests include urban planning, urban spatial structure, economic development, architectural desine etc.     

中国中产阶层社会空间分异研究述评

中国市场经济的改革伴随着社会阶层的分化和社会空间的重构,社会空间异质性增加。以中产阶层为主流大军的中产阶层化已成为一个全球化的社会空间现象。文章在地理学、规划学和社会学视角下,基于对1980年以来中国中产阶层空间分异相关研究成果的数据统计,将其划分为3个时期：1）1980―1989年,以西方社会阶层理论引入及国内社会阶层定性讨论的萌芽期;2）1990―2004年,为西方城市社会空间理论引进及中国城市社会空间结构研究的探索期;3）2005年至今,为城市社会空间结构实证研究及城市社会空间分异研究的发展期。文章总结了主要研究内容和研究方法,提出未来中国中产阶层空间分异研究的重点应集中于：转型期中产阶层研究的理论构建、全球化与中产阶层生活方式以及中产阶层聚居区研究等方面。     

New data on the zoogeography of Aphanius sophiae (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) in the Central Zagros (Southwest Iran)

The clade of the Iranian freshwater Aphanius species from endorheic and exorheic drainage basins contains three subclades, of which the Aphanius sophiae subclade with seven species is the most specious one. Recently, two previously not known populations of Aphanius were discovered in two isolated basins; one in the Arjan Wetland (Helleh subbasin), and the other in the Semirom spring (Karun Basin), both are located in the Central Zagros Mountains (SW Iran). The objective of this study is to investigate their taxonomic status, to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships and to contribute to future conservation strategies and habitat management of the freshwater species of Aphanius in Iran. Methods include analysis of genetic data based on mtDNA (cyt b), combined with meristics, morphometrics, scale sizes (J-indices) and otolith data. The results based on cyt b clearly indicate that two species are present in the Arjan Wetland, one is closely related to A. sophiae (currently thought to be restricted to the Kor Basin), the other represents Aphanius shirini (previously only known from its type locality Paselari spring). However, significant phenotypic differences are not present between these two species. The second population from the Semirom spring is sister to A. sophiae (Kor Basin) according to cyt b data, but differs significantly from this species with regard to the phenotype. The presence of A. shirini in the Arjan Wetland is most likely be explained by man-made introduction because of the recent droughts. The similarity of the two species present in the Arjan Wetland may be due to phenotypic plasticity, but also hybridization could have played a role. The isolation of populations of A. sophiae is discussed in the context of the active geological history and climate change, and it is likely that their divergence happened in the Early or Middle Holocene (c. 11,700–4000 y. ago). The presence of A. sophiae in the Helleh subbasin and Karun Basin extends the currently known zoogeographic range of this species, which previously has only been reported from the Kor Basin. Such knowledge is important for future conservation strategies and habitat management.     

干旱风沙区农村多维贫困地域分异机制研究

运用A-F法测度多维贫困,结合热点分析、地理探测器和主成分分析等方法对干旱风沙区进行农村多维贫困地域分异系统剖析。结果表明:① 农村多维贫困发生率为14.73%,住房、教育和发展维度贡献率分别高达32.25%,23.94%,15.98%,收入已不再是主要致贫维度;② 村域多维贫困表现出集中连片性和地域差异性,南部山区为热点区域,北部扬黄灌区和塬区为冷点区域;③ 深度贫困地区影响MPI地域分异的主导因素为村庄区位条件、自然环境和资源禀赋;④ 农村多维贫困呈现出自然环境限制农户发展,地理区位影响群体福利,资源丰度约束农业生产的地域分异机制。为了缓解区域多维贫困,亟需推进城乡公共服务均等化和融合发展。     

基础教育分异的时空间行为研究框架

近期,在全球化、国家福利体系调整、社会文化变迁等多重背景中,教育、地理、社会等不同学科对教育现象展开了具有跨学科特点的研究,呈现出新的面貌.基础教育领域的分异是当前国内外重要的社会与学术关切.现有研究以在校学习为重点,以资源供给与消费者之间的互动为视角,对教育活动本身及其影响因素与社会空间响应展开了广泛、细致的研究.此...     

Petrogenesis of 3.15 Ga old Banasandra komatiites from the Dharwar craton,India: Implications for early mantle heterogeneity

Spinifex-textured.magnesian(MgO 25 wt.%) komatiites from Mesoarchean Banasandra greenstone belt of the Sargur Group in the Dharwar craton,India were analysed for major and trace elements and~(147,146)Sm-~(143,142)Nd systematics to constrain age,petrogenesis and to understand the evolution of Archean mantle.Major and trace element ratios such as CaO/Al_2O_3.Al_2O_3/TiO_2,Gd/Yb,La/Nb and Nb/Y suggest aluminium undepleted to enriched compositional range for these komatiites.The depth of melting is estimated to be varying from 120 to 240 km and trace-element modelling indicates that the mantle source would have undergone multiple episodes of melting prior to the generation of magmas parental to these komatiites.Ten samples of these komatiites together with the published results of four samples from the same belt yield ~(147)Sm-~(143)Nd isochron age of ca.3.14 Ga with an initial ε_(Nd)(f) value of+3.5.High precision measurements of ~(142)Nd/~(144)Nd ratios were carried out for six komatiite samples along with standards AMES and La Jolla.All results are within uncertainties of the terrestrial samples.The absence of~(142)Nd/~(144)Nd anomaly indicates that the source of these komatiites formed after the extinction of ~(146)Sm,i.e.4.3 Ga ago.In order to evolve to the high ε_(Nd)(t) value of +3.5 by 3.14 Ga the time-integrated ratio of~(147)Sm/~(144)Nd should be 0.2178 at the minimum.This is higher than the ratios estimated,so far,for mantle during that time.These results indicate at least two events of mantle differentiation starting with the chondritic composition of the mantle.The first event occurred very early at ~4.53 Ga to create a global early depleted reservoir with superchondritic Sm/Nd ratio.The source of Isua greenstone rocks with positive ~(142)Nd anomaly was depleted during a second differentiation within the life time of ~(146)Sm,i.e.prior to 4.46 Ga.The source mantle of the Banasandra komatiite was a result of a differentiation event that occurred after the extinction of the ~(146)Sm,i.e.at 4.3 Ga and prior to 3.14 Ga.Banasandra komatiites therefore provide evidence for preservation of heterogeneities generated during mantle differentiation at4.3 Ga.     

2008年初极端寒冷天气对荔枝龙眼成花的利弊分析

2008年初玉林市出现了一次与历史同期相比持续时间最长,平均温度最低、日照时数最少、总降水量居历史第二位的极端寒冷天气过程。通过对2008年1~4月份荔枝龙眼的观测和调查资料进行分析后发现,这次阴冷无霜的天气过程对荔枝龙眼的成花是既有利,也有弊,但总体上是弊大于利。因为持续长时间的低温和日照严重不足既抑制了冬梢,也抑制了花芽分化,最终导致了成花率明显偏低、花质差、雌花比率低、花期短等不良后果。鉴于这次罕见的极端寒冷天气对荔枝龙眼成花的影响,今后应从提高中长期天气预报准确率和栽培管理技术等方面来做好应对全球气候变暖背景下极端气象灾害的防御工作。