Modelling aeolian sand transport and morphological development in two beach nourishment areas

The aeolian sand transport model SAFE and the air flow model HILL were applied to evaluate cross‐shore changes at two nourished beaches and adjacent dunes and to identify the response of aeolian sand transport and morphology to several nourishment design parameters and fill characteristics. The main input of the model consisted of data on the sediment, tide and meteorological conditions, and of half‐yearly measured characteristics of topography, vegetation and sand fences. The cross‐shore profiles generated by SAFE–HILL were compared to measured cross‐shore profiles. The patterns of erosion and deposition, and the morphological development corresponded. In general, the rates of aeolian sand transport were overestimated. The impact of parameters that are related to beach nourishment (namely grain size, adaptation length and beach topography) on profile development was evaluated. Grain size affected the aeolian sand transport rate to the foredunes, and therefore the morphology. Adaptation length, which is a measure of the distance over which sediment transport adapts to a new equilibrium condition, affected the topography of the beach in particular. The topography of a beach nourishment had limited impact on both aeolian sand transport rate and morphology. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Constructing temporal and spatial water vapor figures by GPS remote sensing along slant rays

A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver can generally track 5-7 rays from GPS satellites at any moment, and water vapor along these ray paths (slant-path water vapor, SWV) may be retrieved using the methods developed in recent years. This paper suggests two new parameters-absolute vertical SWV (VSWV) and relative VSWV derived from SWV, and their temporal and spatial figures can reflect the heterogeneous distribution and variation of water vapor field. This approach has been applied to the weather diagnoses in a severe storm event in Beijing during July 2004, and it is concluded that the temporal and spatial figures of absolute VSWV and relative VSWV can be useful in monitoring the evolution of water vapor field and be potential in better understanding the precipitation process.     

南昌市环境空气臭氧污染现状分析

利用南昌市省外办环境空气监测点2003—2006年臭氧监测资料,使用综合污染指数法和国家《环境空气质量标准》进行分析评价。分析结果表明,南昌市省外办监测点环境空气中臭氧污染已经达到一定程度,2006年臭氧年日均值达0.203 mg/m3,年日均值超标率为12.63%;臭氧污染指数为2.03,污染负荷高达53.88%,比目前最为关注的污染物(可吸入颗粒物)污染负荷高39.07%。臭氧已成为城市环境空气中的主要污染物之一,尤其是每年的9月和10月,其污染更为严重。建议全省各城市积极创造条件开展环境空气臭氧监测,并纳入必测项目参加评价;环保部门应加强与气象部门的合作,科学分析江西环境空气臭氧污染原因,提出防治措施。     

THE CHARACTERS OF ENERGY BUDGET ON THE GOBI AND DESERT SURFACE IN HEXI REGION*

In the paper,the characters of surface energy budget on Huayin(Gobi)and the desert surface during the period from 26 June to 31 August 1990 in the HEIFE have been analyzed,then have been compared with the observed results during 4-19 September 1988 in the Pilot Observation Period of the HEIFE.The results show that the atmosphere is in superadiabatic unstable state and there is a phenomenon of inverse humidity to form negative water vapour flux.The sensible heat flux on the surface energy budget is in majority,but the latent heat flux may be neglected over the Gobi and desert surface in the cloudless daytime in the summer.     

城市化与PM2.5时空格局演变及其影响因素的研究进展

快速的城市化和经济发展在改善我们物质生活的同时,也因其剧烈人为活动导致了严重的环境污染,尤其是近年来以细颗粒物(PM_2.5)为首要污染物的城市与区域空气污染问题凸显。而传统的研究更注重孤立地开展空气污染或城市化的研究,缺乏对二者相互耦合关系的综合研究。本文以中国近年来广受关注的以PM_2.5为首要污染物的城市空气污染为切入点,系统地分析总结了在城市化与PM_2.5时空格局演变及其影响因素方面的主要研究进展,包括研究框架、主要方法和相关的主要研究成果等。指明该领域的研究已从空间格局分析逐步深入到健康影响、社会经济驱动等相关方向,并已延伸至复合主题的研究。未来,开展更为深入细致的研究,对于拓展城市与景观生态学的理论体系,了解城市化与城市空气质量的影响关系,解析不同城市发展阶段所面临的城市空气质量问题,将具有重要的科学与现实意义。     

Synchronising geometric representations for map mashups using relative positioning and Linked Data

Map mashups, as a common way of presenting geospatial information on the Web, are generally created by spatially overlaying thematic information on top of various base maps. This simple overlay approach often raises geometric deficiencies due to geometric uncertainties in the data. This issue is particularly apparent in a multi-scale context because the thematic data seldom have synchronised level of detail with the base map. In this study, we propose, develop, implement and evaluate a relative positioning approach based on shared geometries and relative coordinates to synchronise geometric representations for map mashups through several scales. To realise the relative positioning between datasets, we adopt a Linked Data–based technical framework in which the data are organised according to ontologies that are designed based on the GeoSPARQL vocabulary. A prototype system is developed to demonstrate the feasibility and usability of the relative positioning approach. The results show that the approach synchronises and integrates the geometries of thematic data and the base map effectively, and the thematic data are automatically tailored for multi-scale visualisation. The proposed framework can be used as a new way of modelling geospatial data on the Web, with merits in terms of both data visualisation and querying.     

基于区域航空运输可达性的机场空间布局

构建表现机场腹地与其航空运输网络间相互关系的结构方程模型,明确“二三产业总产值/总人口数/社会消费品零售总额”与“通航机场数/航班密度/通航里程”2个变量组之间的数量关系。基于腹地陆路交通网络和机场航空运输网络,列出机场陆域可达性和航线可达性的数学表达式,并基于乘客的主观感受组合2类可达性指标得到区域航空运输可达性指标,将该指标作为比选机场空间布局方案的标准。以烟台/威海地区为例对不同机场布局方案的场景进行分析,结果表明：在目前的需求形态下烟台/威海地区应设置1个机场,以使旅客享有较好的航空运输服务,使整个区域的航空运输可达性最优。     

London: a sustainable city?

Observations include:
Ian Livingstone, London: a sustainable city?, p.77
Michael Parkinson, Key challenges for European cities: achieving competitiveness, cohesion and sustainability, p.78
Chris Hamnett, London's housing, p.80
Sarah Curtis, Health in London, p.84
Martin Frost, London's transport—investing for sustainability, p.92
Chris Birks, Mike Owen and Brian Arkell, London's water resources: threat or opportunity, p.92
Sean D Beevers, David C Carslaw and Gary W Fuller, London's air quality: nitrogen dioxide and particles (PM10) in London's air—present and future, p.97
Adam D Read, Where there's muck there's brass—the 'cost' of London'swaste?, p.103     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴异常及其与东亚大气环流的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,应用滤波方差、相关分析、合成分析等研究了1963年冬季至2011年冬季北太平洋风暴轴的时空演变特征,并探讨了风暴轴活动强弱与东亚—北太平洋大气环流的关系。结果表明：与1980s后期风暴轴活动显著增强相比,近10 a来风暴轴活动又进入较气候平均水平偏低的阶段,且风暴轴主体位置有着向东北、西南两侧的振荡现象。风暴轴活动强（弱）年,东亚地区近地面温度偏高（低）、对流层低层阿留申低压和西伯利亚高压偏弱（强）、中国东部及日本上空850 hPa北风减弱（加强）;对流层中层东亚大槽减弱北缩（加深南进）、对流层高层西风急流减弱（加强）。风暴轴活动与冬季影响中国的冷空气活动次数相关关系显著。     

阜康日光温室内温湿度与外界气象要素的相关性分析

根据2011—2012年阜康六运温室内温湿度和附近气象站观测资料,利用相关和逐步回归分析,对不同天气状况下阜康地区日光温室内温湿度变化特征及其与外界气象要素的关系进行了研究。结果表明,不同天气状况下温室内的气温和空气相对湿度均有明显的日变化。影响日光温室内温湿度的主要因子为外界的日照时数、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、空气湿度以及温室内前一天的温度和空气湿度等。建立了日光温室内外气象要素的相关模型,经拟合检验和应用检验,不同天气状况下日光温室内日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、空气平均相对湿度、空气最小相对湿度的平均绝对误差分别在1.5℃、2.6℃、2.0℃、6.2%、9.6%以内,平均相对误差大部分在10%以内,具有较高的精度。确定了温室生火增温、移栽定植、通风及覆盖保温等气象服务指标。