Cold-region environments along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline and their management

The cold-region eco-environments along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP) in northern Northeast China are in disequilibrium due to the combined influences of pronounced climate warming and intensive anthropogenic activities.This is evidenced by the sharp areal reduction and northward shifting of the boreal forests,shrinking of wetlands,enhancing of soil erosion,accelerating degradation of permafrost and deteriorating of cold-region eco-environments.The degradation of permafrost plays an important role as an internal drive in the eco-environmental changes.Many components of the cold-region eco-environments,including frozen ground,forests,wetlands and peatlands,forest fires and "heating island effect" of rapid urbanization,are interdependent,interactive,and integrated in the boreal ecosystems.The construction and long-term operation of the CRCOP system will inevitably disturb the cold-region environments along the pipeline.Therefore,a mandatory and carefully-elaborated environ-mental impact statement is indispensable for the proper mitigation of the ensued adverse impacts.Proper management,effective protection and practical rehabilitation of the damaged cold-region environments are a daunting,costly and long-term commitment.The recommended measures for protection and restoration of permafrost eco-environments along the pipeline route include adequate investigation,assessment and monitoring of permafrost and cold-region environments,compliance of pipeline construction and operation codes for environmental management,proper and timely re-vegetation,returning the cultivated lands to forests and grasslands,and effective mitigation of forest fire hazards.     

An evaluation of an enhanced soil erosion and landscape evolution model: a case study assessment of the former Nabarlek uranium mine,Northern Territory,Australia

The assessment of post‐mining landscapes as case studies is an important part of the evaluation of current rehabilitation practices. A necessary part of this assessment is to predict the surface stability of the landform using erosion and landform evolution modelling techniques. In the short term, erosion on a rehabilitated mine site can lead to increased sediment loads and transport of other mine related contaminants in downstream waterways. It is well recognized that in many mine areas the erodibility of surface materials can, and does, vary. This is a particularly significant issue on mine sites, where the surface conditions may range from areas of undisturbed natural surface materials, waste rock dumps constructed with materials exhumed from the sub‐surface, and other areas that have a mix of waste rock and soil to enhance the growth of vegetation. A further significant issue is that when the subsurface materials are exposed to surface conditions they can weather rapidly, changing their erodibility. This paper uses a new version of the SIBERIA landscape evolution and soil erosion model to evaluate the former Nabarlek uranium mine site in the Northern Territory, Australia. This new version of SIBERIA uses spatially variable erosion and hydrology parameters across the study domain to represent different erodibilities of surface materials, thus allowing better representation of catchment heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that the model predicts erosion rates similar to that of other modelled results and independent field data, providing confidence in the model and its parameterization. The tailings, deposited in the mined out pit and capped with waste rock, appear to be safely encapsulated for the modelled period. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Commonwealth of Australia (Department of the Environment and Water Resources Supervising Scientist).     

济宁市湿地评价及恢复研究

根据济宁市2003年湿地调查,运用矩阵对济宁市湿地进行评价分析,生态类型很好的占25%,较好的占21%,好的占19%,中等的占15%,差的占12%,很差的占8%,并提出了湿地保护恢复措施,为全市湿地资源研究和生态系统管理提供了科学依据。     

贵州典型喀斯特环境退化与自然恢复速率

喀斯特环境退化与自然恢复速率是具有重要意义的问题。在分析贵族典型喀斯特环境主要因子关系的基础上,确定用土地覆盖、植被状况和土壤属性反映喀斯特环境退化与自然恢复过程,应用和地面观测方法对研究区土地覆盖、植被覆盖、生物生产量、生物多样性和土壤理化性质等指标进行研究,从而得出研究区喀斯特环境退化与自然恢复规律及其相应的速率。     

曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)繁殖习性及其产卵场修复的研究

采用对比分析方法,观察了曼氏无针乌贼的繁殖习性,比较了不同产卵附着物的附卵效果,选择典型产卵场(中街山列岛海区)进行附着物的调查。结果表明,曼氏无针乌贼有较高等复杂的性行为,有显著的求偶、争偶及雌雄搏斗现象,乌贼交配对其它乌贼交配有诱导作用;乌贼对附卵基有严格选择,没有充足适宜的附卵基,不仅使乌贼产卵时间延迟、数量减少,而且易被水流冲散、沉入底部致受精卵大量死亡,是影响乌贼繁衍的重要因素;附卵基附卵效果依次为聚乙烯(PE)绳、聚丙烯(PP)绳、钢筋、竹子、木头,颜色依次为黑色、蓝色、红色、黄色,形状依次为圆柱体、正三棱柱体、正长方体、扁长方体,粗度以直径0.25—0.50cm为宜,此外附卵基间应有适当空隙;目前,中街山列岛海区柳珊瑚(Plexaauraa sp.)生物量为0.15—0.64棵/m2,平均生物量为0.32棵/m2,资源数量趋于恢复,但远不能适应乌贼资源修复需要。增殖放流试验表明,修复乌贼资源的可能性很大,但在加大增殖放流工作的同时,必须尽快开展产卵场生态环境修复尤其是产卵附着物修复工作。     

The use of landscape evolution models in mining rehabilitation design

Landscape evolution models can be useful tools for the evaluation of rehabilitation designs for post-mining landscapes. When calibrated for the erodible material, landscape evolution models can predict sediment loss over entire landscapes (i.e. tonnes/hectare/year), method of erosion (i.e. slope wash, gullying) and also where on a hillslope erosion is likely to occur. The models provide the ability to examine simple hillslopes through to complex whole landscapes. These models can also be used for a probabilistic risk assessment of rehabilitation design for high-risk situations such as tailings dams. Importantly, unlike other erosion models they allow the eroded landscape to be visualised. This paper outlines the capabilities of the SIBERIA landscape evolution model for the rehabilitation of mining landscapes and proposes a probabilistic approach for risk assessment and site stability.     

徐连过渡带低山丘陵森林植被次生演替模式与生态恢复重建策略

徐连过渡带位于江苏省北部,地当南北要冲,为一典型的生态过渡带;低山丘陵生态环境遭到严重破坏,生态系统的恢复与重建任重道远。基于10个样地4650 m²的野外调查资料,建立了徐连过渡带低山丘陵森林植被分类系统,包括2个植被型组、3个植被型、3个植被亚型、6个群系组、12个群系。根据建群种与光照强度的关系,分析了12个森林植被群系间的演替关系,构建了徐连过渡带低山丘陵森林植被次生演替模式。以次生演替模式为指导,论述了徐连过渡带低山丘陵生态恢复重建策略。     

西南岩溶区生态地质环境特点及其重建策略

西南岩溶区生态地质环境具有水热充沛、矿产和旅游资源丰富,但存在地上地下双层岩溶空间结构和山高水深、地形陡峻、土壤贫瘠等两重性的特点,在人为活动的干扰影响下很容易导致生态退化,产生水土流失和石漠化等生态环境问题。本文在充分论述了西南岩溶区生态地质环境的这种特点的基础上,通过生态系统退化过程的机理分析,提出了岩溶生态系统退化是脆弱的岩溶生态地质环境和人类活动共同作用的结果的成因观点,以及以将人为活动限制在岩溶生态系统环境承载允许的范围之内作为前提条件,并辅以因地制宜开发水资源、合理利用土地资源、发展立体化生态农业、挖掘地方经济增长潜力、改善农村能源结构及生态移民等工程措施的生态系统恢复重建策略。      

耕地保护条件下农村居民点布局的问题剖析与优化对策

从保护耕地和提高农民生活水平为视角,分析农村居民点建设用地和居民点布局中存在的问题及其原因,提出一宅多户、将农村宅基地所有权收归国有以及在对农村居民点规划整理时引用生态景观学和景观建筑学等对策建议,以助于处理当前农村居民点布局杂乱与耕地减少的现状,促进农民生活水平提高和耕地保护。     

峰丛洼地自然封育过程岩溶水溶解无机碳的变化——以桂林丫吉试验场为例

以桂林丫吉试验场为例,检验植被恢复对岩溶碳汇的影响作用。上世纪80年代,丫吉试验场峰丛洼地的植被受砍伐干扰,地表以草地居多,此后施行自然封山育林,植被经二十多年的封育后,现在变成为灌木林,土壤中植物根系呼吸和微生物异养呼吸增强,土壤空气中CO2含量上升,岩溶作用增强,泉水输出的无机碳通量增加。通过建立系统的水化学混合模型,将泉水的无机碳通量分解为原水输出和降雨补给引起的新水输出。在一次典型的强降雨过程,S31岩溶泉原水输出量占总量的65%~83%,而降雨补给引起的新水无机碳输出通量较少,且不能反映生态环境的变化,因此应以原水中溶解无机碳的浓度衡量整个生态环境对岩溶作用的影响。长期的观测表明由于植被的改变导致原水输出的无机碳含量提高了27%,而原水在岩溶泉的年流量中所占的比例高达72%~84%,其中由植被演化造成岩溶碳汇增加的幅度为19%~23%。