辽西凹陷辽西1号断裂体系特征及其控藏作用

辽西凹陷是位于渤海海域东北部的一个新生代凹陷,勘探证实辽西南洼陡坡带发育受辽西1号断裂体系控制的断块圈闭,且各个断块油气富集程度具有差异性。通过对辽西凹陷南部辽西1号断裂及其派生断裂静态特征和动态演化分析,文章重点解析了不同类型断裂对油气成藏的控制作用。研究结果表明:辽西1号断裂体系包括辽西1号断裂及其派生调节断裂,两者分别具有"早断晚衰"和"中断晚衰"活动特征;东营期,辽西1号断裂"S"增弯段诱发陡坡带隆起效应及其调节断裂的发育,两者共同控制了挤压型构造圈闭的发育;调节断裂对油气运聚具有分段控制作用,调节断裂陡坡段具有压扭性质,断裂结构带相对致密,利于油气的封堵,调节断裂洼槽段具有拉张性质,断裂结构带相对疏松,利于油气运移;调节断裂压扭段与主走滑位移带夹角控制油气富集程度,夹角大小与油气富集程度呈负相关性。      

地震定位研究综述

综述了各种地震定位方法的基本原理，重点介绍了Geiger的经典方法以及在此基础上建立的各种线性方法：联合定位法，相对定位法，和最新的双重残差法；对每一种方法的应用情况，尤其是国内的工作做了总结；同时也指出了各种方法的特点，并进行了相应的比较，此外，还简要介绍了空间域的定位方法和各种非线性定位方法。     

Response uncertainty and time-variant reliability analysis for hysteretic MDF structures

Response uncertainty evaluation and dynamic reliability analysis corresponding to classical stochastic dynamic analysis are usually restricted to the uncertainties of the excitation. The inclusion of the parameter uncertainties contained in structural properties and excitation characteristics has become an increasingly important problem in many areas of dynamics. In the present paper, a point estimate procedure is proposed for the evaluation of stochastic response uncertainty, and a response surface approach procedure in standard normal space is proposed for analysis of time-variant reliability analysis for hysteretic MDF structures having parameter uncertainties. Using the proposed procedures, the response uncertainties and time-variant reliability can be easily obtained by several repetitions of stochastic response analysis under given parameters without conducting sensitivity analysis, which is considered to be one of the primary difficulties associated with conventional methods. In the time-variant reliability analysis, the failure probability can be readily obtained by improving the accuracy of the first-order reliability method using the empirical second-order reliability index. The random variables are divided into two groups, those with CDF and those without CDF. The latter are included via the high-order moment standardization technique. A numerical example of a 15F hysteretic MDF structure that takes into account uncertainties of four structural parameters and three excitation characteristics is performed, based on which the proposed procedures are investigated and the effects of parameter uncertainties are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

以屈服接近度分段函数表示的非线性流变模型的程序实现

基于三轴流变试验提出的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型存在蠕变门槛值、长期强度和非线性黏塑性体等组件。这种复杂的流变模型在进行程序实现时存在着诸多问题,比如一维的蠕变门槛值和长期强度推广至三维时难于表达、非线性黏塑性部分难于处理等问题。通过引入屈服接近度参数作为蠕变方程分段函数的判别准则,解决了三维情况下蠕变门槛值和长期强度的表达问题;详细推导了黏塑性部分的表达形式,并给出了三维中心差分形式,实现了流变模型在FLAC3D中的二次开发。通过算例验证了程序开发的正确性,对流变模型进行参数辨识,拟合曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,表明了所建模型的正确性与合理性。     

The use of benthic indicators in Europe: from the Water Framework Directive to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) are the European umbrella regulations for water systems. It is a challenge for the scientific community to translate the principles of these directives into realistic and accurate approaches. The aim of this paper, conducted by the Benthos Ecology Working Group of ICES, is to describe how the principles have been translated, which were the challenges and best way forward. We have tackled the following principles: the ecosystem-based approach, the development of benthic indicators, the definition of ‘pristine’ or sustainable conditions, the detection of pressures and the development of monitoring programs. We concluded that testing and integrating the different approaches was facilitated during the WFD process, which led to further insights and improvements, which the MSFD can rely upon. Expert involvement in the entire implementation process proved to be of vital importance.     

Numerical simulation of the landslide-induced tsunami of 1988 on Vulcano Island, Italy

 On 20 April 1988 a landslide of approximately 200,000 m³ occurred on the northeastern flank of the volcano La Fossa on the island of Vulcano. The landslide fell into the sea, producing a small tsunami in the bay between Punte Nere and Punta Luccia that was observed locally in the neighbouring harbour called Porto Levante. The slide occurred during a period of unrest at the volcano that was monitored very accurately. The study of this event is composed of two parts, the simulation of the landslide and the simulation of the ensuing tsunami; the former is studied by means of a Lagrangian-type numerical model in which the landslide is seen as a multibody system, an ensemble of material-deforming blocks interacting together during their motion; the latter is simulated according to the Eulerian view by solving the shallow-water approximation to Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics, with the incorporation of a forcing term depending on the slide motion. Technically, the slide evolution is computed first, and this result is then used to evaluate the excitation term of the hydraulic equations and to calculate the tsunami propagation. Computed wave fronts radiate both toward the open sea, with rapid amplitude decay, and along the shore, in the form of edge waves that lose energy slowly. Comparison between model outputs and observations can be carried out only in a qualitative way owing to the absence of tide-gauge records, and results are satisfactory. Received: 14 September 1998 / Accepted: 18 December 1998     

Spatial foundation structures over no tension soil

The problem of the stress distribution induced in the soil by a single circular foundation structure is approached in a three‐dimensional analysis. Since the soil is typically made by not‐cohesive materials, its behaviour is modelled by means of the not resisting tension (NRT) hypothesis, thus assuming that its very low resistance to tensile stresses can be completely neglected and that it keeps linearly elastic under pure compression. After developing the problem from a theoretical point of view on the basis of an energetic approach, a numerical application—which is able to reproduce the stress distribution induced by a circular foundation on the soil—is performed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Origin and type of rainfall for recharge of a karstic aquifer in the western Mediterranean: a case study from the Sierra de Gador–Campo de Dalias (southeast Spain)

Isotope signatures in precipitation from the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation around the Mediterranean basin and literature data are compared with isotopic data from a large karstic aquifer in southeast Spain to explain the origin and type of the precipitation events dominating recharge. Analysis of the deuterium excess d at the scale of the Mediterranean basin and at the regional scale allows us to understand the isotopic context of the study area: Campo de Dalias and the Sierra de Gador (Almería province). The origin of precipitation can be determined from its d value. The d value changes as a function of the initial evaporation condition. It depends on the relative humidity and temperature during the evaporation producing the water vapour of the clouds. The water vapour, which dominates the study area, is generated in two areas: the Atlantic Ocean (d = 10‰) and the western Mediterranean basin (d = 15‰). With increasing precipitation volume, the western Mediterranean character dominates. These heavier storms contribute mainly to recharge, as illustrated by the d value of 13·6‰ in deep groundwater of the Campo de Dalias. Weighted d values increase with the volume of precipitation, giving a significant relationship for the southern and eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. This selectivity of d to monthly precipitation was used to estimate the return period of precipitation leading to aquifer recharge at 0·9–4·9 years. Moderate rainfall, which occurs more frequently, still represents ～60–90% of the total precipitation. One of the challenges to meet ever‐growing water demands is to increase recharge from moderate events yielding intermediate quantities per event, but forming the bulk of the annual precipitation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A unified approach to the implicit integration of standard,non‐standard and viscous plasticity models

It is shown how modern concepts to integrate the elasto‐plastic rate equations of standard plasticity via an implicit algorithm can be generalized to plasticity without an explicitly defined yield surface and to overstress‐type models of viscoplasticity, where the stress point can be located outside the loading surface. For completeness, a tangent operator is derived that is consistent with the update algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Block fracturing analysis using nodal‐based discontinuous deformation analysis with the double minimization procedure

As a hybrid method, the nodal‐based discontinuous deformation analysis (NDDA) greatly improves the stress accuracy within each DDA block by coupling a well‐defined finite element mesh inside the DDA block; at the same time, the NDDA inherits the unique block kinematics of the standard DDA method. Each finite element mesh line inside the DDA block is treated as a potential crack, which enables the transformation of the block material from continuum to discontinuum through the tensile and shear fracturing mechanism. This paper introduces a double minimization procedure into the NDDA method to further improve the accuracy of the stresses evaluated at the finite element mesh lines and thus to obtain a more realistic fracture model. Three numerical examples are employed to demonstrate the improved stress accuracy by the implemented double minimization procedure and the accuracy and capability of the enhanced NDDA method in capturing brittle fracturing process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.