Technopoles, high-tech industries and regional development: A critical review

Technologies have played an important role in the restructuring of the productive system in the last quarter of the 20th century. The article looks at the macroeconomic context and at the transformation of the industrial organization. It then defines the concept of technopole. The author traces the principal elements of the different attempts of theorization with a critical angle, shows the logic of contemporary industry localisation, as well as the role of technopoles in regional development. Regional and industrial policy are then seen as the basis of the process of industrialization and of the technological transfer.     

Rainfall partitioning and its effects on regional water balances: Evidence from the conversion of traditional cropland to apple orchards in a semi-humid region

Rainfall partitioning by vegetation cover plays an important role in local and regional water balances. Large areas of traditional cropland have been converted to apple orchards on the Loess Plateau, China, so the effect of the conversion of traditional cropland to these orchards on rainfall partitioning cannot be ignored. In this study, we measured precipitation, throughfall (TF), and stemflow (SF) and calculated canopy interception (I) and canopy storage capacity (S) in two neighbouring apple orchards (8 and 18 years old in 2013) on the plateau during the four growing seasons of 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016. Besides, we also summarized the percentage of rainfall partitioning of various crops and tree species and assessed the effect of land use change on regional water balances. The results showed that the percentage of rainfall partitioning and S differed between the two orchards. Mean annual I, TF, and SF for the young and mature orchards during the 4 years accounted for 7.9, 89.8, and 2.6% and for 10.3, 87.5, and 2.3%, respectively, of the rainfall partitioning. The percentage accounted for by mean annual I and TF differed significantly between the two orchards, but the percentage of mean annual SF did not differ significantly between the two orchards. Mean annual S for 2013–2016 was significantly higher for the mature than the young orchard. Although the conversion of traditional cropland to apple orchards led to a more serious soil desiccation in this region, the I loss percentage was higher in maize (12.5%) than the apple orchards. Therefore, we inferred that the effect of the conversion of traditional cropland to apple orchards on regional water balances was likely not caused by differences in rainfall partitioning. Differences in tree morphology due to tree age accounted for the differences in rainfall partitioning and S between the two orchards. Thus, tree age should be taken into account when assessing the effect of apple orchards on rainfall partitioning in this or similar regions.     

A temperature‐precipitation‐based model of thirty‐year mean snowpack accumulation and melt in Oregon,USA

High‐resolution, spatially extensive climate grids can be useful in regional hydrologic applications. However, in regions where precipitation is dominated by snow, snowmelt models are often used to account for timing and magnitude of water delivery. We developed an empirical, nonlinear model to estimate 30‐year means of monthly snowpack and snowmelt throughout Oregon. Precipitation and temperature for the period 1971–2000, derived from 400‐m resolution PRISM data, and potential evapotranspiration (estimated from temperature and day length) drive the model. The model was calibrated using mean monthly data from 45 SNOTEL sites and accurately estimated snowpack at 25 validation sites: R² = 0·76, Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) = 0·80. Calibrating it with data from all 70 SNOTEL sites gave somewhat better results (R² = 0·84, NSE = 0·85). We separately applied the model to SNOTEL stations located < 200 and ≥ 200 km from the Oregon coast, since they have different climatic conditions. The model performed equally well for both areas. We used the model to modify moisture surplus (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) to account for snowpack accumulation and snowmelt. The resulting values accurately reflect the shape and magnitude of runoff at a snow‐dominated basin, with low winter values and a June peak. Our findings suggest that the model is robust with respect to different climatic conditions, and that it can be used to estimate potential runoff in snow‐dominated basins. The model may allow high‐resolution, regional hydrologic comparisons to be made across basins that are differentially affected by snowpack, and may prove useful for investigating regional hydrologic response to climate change. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原高海拔—难进入地区无人机地质调查试验研究与应用展望

青藏高原空气稀薄、气候恶劣、环境脆弱,是世界海拔最高、面积最大、地质构造最为复杂的地区,被称为世界第三极和造山的高原,属于全球典型的高海拔—难进入地区,传统的地质工作方法受到一定制约。本文首次将无人机引入海拔5000 m的藏北高原开展地质调查工作,探索研发无人机地质填图技术。通过5种不同类型无人机填图飞行试验,本文认为固定翼和旋翼无人机经螺旋桨、机身机翼以及倾斜摄影平台升级后可用于高海拔—难进入地区的大—中等比例尺（1∶50000至1∶1000）区域地质调查等地学领域野外作业。改进后的无人机理论寿命更长、飞行更加平稳、影像质量大幅提升。经实地飞行试验和野外校验,无人机获得的影像数据精度优于遥感卫星,局部精度最高可达3 cm,各地质体接触关系及纹理清晰明显,地质解译效果好,总体正确率高于95%。无人机地质填图技术具有成本低、数据获取快速、空间分辨率高、搭载设备类型多样等优势,在未来可与大数据、移动互联网、人工智能、虚拟现实技术结合创建一种安全、多维度、高精度虚拟地质作业平台,满足个性化、智能化、实时化、精确化的地质矿产工作需求。     

定远凹陷形成的区域构造背景及其演化过程

定远凹陷上古生界构造归属及其构造演化过程,对下一步该地区煤炭资源评价与非常规天然气选区具有关键性的意义。文章利用最新的地球物理与钻探成果,应用构造解析及区域对比等方法,结合区域构造规律与前人相关认识,对定远凹陷构造特征、上古生界构造归属及中生代以来的构造演化过程进行了详细的论述,其结果认为定远凹陷内发育的上古生界煤系地层属于淮南煤田中部复式向斜构造带东部的延伸。该凹陷受大别造山带隆起及郯庐断裂带中、新生代走滑活动影响,分别经历了印支期（T3）前陆变形、早中侏罗世（J1+2）相对隆起、晚侏罗世（J3）末期至早白垩世初期（K1初期）郯庐断裂带左行走滑改造、早白垩世期间（K1）至古近纪(E）伸展改造、古近纪末期挤压反转以及新近纪（Q）—第四纪（N）坳陷式均匀沉降六个主要演化阶段。     

科学找矿工作的探索——兼述战略性矿产找矿工程

科学找矿是发现矿床和矿产勘查过程的总称, 在我国已探索了四十余年。它是应用当代有效的成矿学理论, 从各类资料和数据(地、物、化、遥)中提取信息, 研究区域成矿规律, 圈定不同级别的成矿区带(I—V级), 在成矿信息浓集区带或地段, 述明潜在矿床的地质条件, 判定矿床类型, 指明寻找未发现矿床的标志, 部署矿产勘查后进而发现了矿床, 公认它是矿产勘查学科各环节有机联系的系统流程。科学找矿引领地质找矿的重大突破, 促进矿产勘查工作的现代化。我国已通过矿产区划构建了科学找矿内容的基本格架, 在“新一轮固体矿产普查”、“矿产勘查跨世纪工程”、“矿产资源调查评价”和“找矿突破战略行动纲要”(又称“三五八”行动纲要)的实践中进行探索。获取的找矿成果证明, 科学找矿要以矿床成矿系列、矿产预测理论和成矿信息为指导; 矿产远景区划、地质资料的数据处理和提取成矿信息、编制矿产预测和矿床勘探系列图件是手段; 研究典型矿床, 建立区域的和矿床的成矿模式、总结区域成矿规律、圈定矿产预测远景区和找矿靶区、部署矿产勘查工作是发现矿床的科学支撑; 矿产勘查有效机制将科学找矿各个环节的内容实现有机联接, 组成获取找矿和矿床勘探成果的基本段, 概括为“三项理论”、“二个系统”、“二项技术”, 直至今日, 探索工作已获得很好的找矿效果。在未来的“战略性矿产找矿行动(2021—2035年)”实施过程中, 用科学找矿的思路构建矿产勘查新格局。     

Investigating the Transport Mechanism of PM2.5 Pollution during January 2014 in Wuhan,Central China

Severe haze pollution that occurred in January 2014 in Wuhan was investigated. The factors leading to Wuhan’s PM_2.5 pollution and the characteristics and formation mechanism were found to be significantly different from other megacities, like Beijing. Both the growth rates and decline rates of PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan were lower than those in Beijing, but the monthly PM_2.5 value was approximately twice that in Beijing. Furthermore, the sharp increases of PM_2.5 concentrations were often accompanied by strong winds. A high-precision modeling system with an online source-tagged method was established to explore the formation mechanism of five haze episodes. The long-range transport of the polluted air masses from the North China Plain (NCP) was the main factor leading to the sharp increases of PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan, which contributed 53.4% of the monthly PM_2.5 concentrations and 38.5% of polluted days. Furthermore, the change in meteorological conditions such as weakened winds and stable weather conditions led to the accumulation of air pollutants in Wuhan after the long-range transport. The contribution from Wuhan and surrounding cities to the PM_2.5 concentrations was determined to be 67.4% during this period. Under the complex regional transport of pollutants from surrounding cities, the NCP, East China, and South China, the five episodes resulted in 30 haze days in Wuhan. The findings reveal important roles played by transregional and intercity transport in haze formation in Wuhan.     

2015年冬季湖北省PM2.5重污染传输特征及影响天气系统的数值模拟

为了研究湖北省两种污染来源的重污染天气特征及其形成机制,采用WRF/Chem零排放情景模拟方案,将2015年冬季湖北省PM2.5模拟浓度分离为外源传输量和本地累积量,基于对数值模拟结果的统计分析,确定了湖北省污染传输通道和外源传输贡献率,研究了敏感区天气系统对两种污染来源的影响作用。结果表明,外源污染物输送在湖北省内有两条主要通道,一是由南襄盆地夹道直接输送汇入江汉平原,二是沿京广线从信阳到随州、孝感、武汉至江汉平原。湖北长距离跨区域传输的潜在污染源区为河南、安徽、江苏、山东等地。2015年冬季湖北省17个地（市）平均外源贡献率为42%,而对于重污染过程,平均外源贡献率高达66%,外来源输送对湖北重污染过程贡献非常显著。对外源传输型,我国东南地区为主要敏感区,气压（气温）变化与PM2.5输送显著负（正）相关,对维持南、北两支矢量带（PM2.5输送与风场相关）,推动偏南和偏东气流起到积极作用。此外,伊朗高原天气系统通过上下游效应对东亚地区大气环流起到一定影响,从而也间接影响了区域污染输送。对本地累积型,冬季风环流系统为主要影响天气系统,在弱的冬季风环流形势下,蒙古高压系统偏弱、西太平洋地区海平面气压值偏高,对应湖北本地累积污染总量贡献大。     

省级区域站数据直传监控系统设计与实现

全国省级区域站数据传输业务流程逐步由市级转发省级调整为直传省级,省级区域站中心站成为数据传输的枢纽。区域站数据传输业务的调整给省、市、县3级区域站运维保障工作带来了一定的挑战。为了应对统一管理难、监视难、故障诊断难的挑战,本文设计并实现了一种省级区域站数据直传监控系统。该系统依托CIMISS系统和省级区域站中心站,基于Django框架实现了CIMISS CTS环节、省级区域站中心站环节、区域站报文来源环节、区域站电池环节的监视和展示,以及区域站报文历史传输情况的展示和故障诊断。该系统已经投入业务应用,进一步提高了全省区域站数据传输业务的运维保障能力。     

云南景谷M6.6地震前重力场变化的区域性特征

利用国家重力网和云南省区域重力网获得的高精度重力观测资料,研究2014-10-07云南景谷M6.6地震前区域重力场的演变过程。结果表明,滇西南区域重力场变化幅度大、速度快、升降转换周期短,揭示出在复杂构造环境和反复增强的应力场条件下,地震能量快速积累和释放的区域性特征。