Close coupling between ammonium uptake by phytoplankton and excretion by Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba

In this study we examined the hypothesis that, under conditions of replete macronutrients and iron in the Southern Ocean, phytoplankton abundance and specific N uptake rates are influenced strongly by the processes of grazing and NH₄ regeneration. NH₄ and NO₃ uptake rates by marine phytoplankton were measured to the northeast and northwest of the island of South Georgia during January-February 1998. Mean specific uptake rate for NO₃ (vNO₃) was 0.0026 h⁻¹ (range 0.0013-0.0065 h⁻¹) and for NH₄ (vNH₄) was 0.0097 h⁻¹ (0.0014-0.0376 h⁻¹). vNH₄ was related positively with NH₄ availability, which ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 mmol m⁻³ within the upper mixed layer. Ambient NH₄ concentrations and vNH₄ were both positively related to local krill biomass values, computed from mean values along acoustic transect segments within 2 km of the uptake measurement stations. These biomass values ranged from ∼1 g krill fresh mass m⁻² in the northwest to >4 kg krill wet mass m⁻² in the northeast. In contrast to the variability found with NH₄ concentrations and uptake rates, vNO₃ was more uniform across the sampling sites. Under these conditions, increasing NH₄ concentration appeared to represent an additional N resource. However, high vNH₄ tended to be found for stations with lower phytoplankton standing stocks, across a total range of 0.24-20 mg chlorophyll a m⁻³. These patterns suggest a coupling between phytoplankton biomass, vNH₄ and krill in this region of variable but high krill biomass. Locally high concentrations of krill in parts of the study area appeared to have two opposing effects. On the one hand they could graze down phytoplankton stocks, but on the other hand, their NH₄ excretion supported enhanced uptake rates by the remaining, ungrazed cells.     

不同更新方式对中亚热带森林土壤理化性质的影响

森林的不同更新方式对森林土壤理化性质有重要影响．本研究通过野外调查探讨中亚热带山区杉木人工林和米槠人促更新林2种不同更新方式下林地土壤理化性质的变化特征,并用土壤退化指数定量描述土壤质量变化．结果表明：杉木人工林土壤表层（0—10cm）容重显著高于米槠人促更新林（P〈0．05）;随土壤深度的增加,杉木人工林和米槠人促更...     

城市更新之研究

城市更新是城市发展到一定阶段所必然经历的再开发过程,不同的时代背景和地域环境中的城市更新具有不同的动因机制、开发模式、权力关系,进而产生不同的经济、环境、社会效应。追溯近年来英文文献中大量出现的有关＂urban regeneration＂的研究及中国近30年来城市更新相关文献,总结地理学视角对城市更新的研究范围、研究领域及研究特点,论述与城市更新相关的理论,阐述城市更新的形成机制,分析各地区在不同阶段采用的更新政策,更新模式,更新手段和方法,以及更新参与主体和更新后的效果,对比分析国内外城市更新研究内容及特点。从城市更新同城市建设、经济发展的内在联系机制,城市更新中微观个体的行为研究,可持续发展观下的综合城市更新研究等3个方面,总结对未来中国城市更新发展的可借鉴性启示。     

Cultural industries, information technology and the regeneration of post-industrial urban landscapes. Poblenou in Barcelona - a virtual city?

In a former industrial part of Barcelona, as in the de-industrialising neighbourhoods of many big cities, the ‘new’ economy and the ‘cultural’ economy have started to replace the ‘old’ economy, bringing new life into a declining district but also causing conflicts of land use, housing or the preservation of architectural heritage. The latter is an important part of regeneration and marketing policies of city governments, whereby the ‘new’ economy not only emerges from the old but the physical space of the old industrial quarter becomes the tool and setting in which the city can re-present itself and its success story of transformation and regeneration. Through the increasing use of information and communication technologies, which are at the same time driving this transformation - an industry as such as well as business-aid in various sectors, cultural industries in particular - the city has acquired a second, virtual presence. The city exists and ‘lives’ on numerous websites. Those by city government and city organisations often have the express purpose of marketing and presenting the city, while those by (cultural) businesses and other organisations in the district add to the mosaic of the virtual city. As a result, the old industrial space continues to live and be productive, its economic value having changed largely into a cultural value. This coexistence of the real and the virtual, old and new, also meets with a conflict at certain junctures. There is the positive representation of plans and events on the city's websites on the one hand, and the undercurrent of protest and disenchantment among the local population who find themselves marginalised from the profits and success of development, on the other. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Neighbourhood renewal: A toolkit for regeneration

A major criticism of urban regeneration policies during the 1980s and 1990s in England has been the failure to reduce the gap between the poorest neighbourhoods and the national average for the indices of long-term unemployment, crime rates, health chances and educational qualifications. The UK Government, since election in 1997, has undertaken a wide-ranging review of urban policy. New approaches and more effective use of public sector resources are being piloted in an attempt to identify the pathways to social inclusion, which seem to have been missing in previous regeneration attempts (Audit Commission, 1989; DoEE, 2000). This paper seeks to deepen our understanding of the appropriate balance between physical and social regeneration through proposing an approach that foregrounds the role of residents in neighbourhood regeneration.     

From community planning to partnership planning. Urban regeneration and shifting power geometries on the South Bank, London

This paper seeks to explain the persistence of inner-city deprivation in spite of sustained regeneration efforts, through demonstrating how urban regeneration policies are embedded in peculiar political-institutional power dynamics that actually contribute to the further disempowerment of the already disempowered groups in inner cities. The reconstruction of the post-war planning history of one specific urban neighbourhood, the South Bank in central London, will allow to demonstrate how the constantly reworked urban regeneration models comprise specific power relations that have important repercussions for the success and failure of regeneration programmes. The focus here will particularly be on how the fall of the South Bank's prominent era of community-based development in the 1970s is firmly embedded in changing political-institutional frameworks that, after a spell of `community power', were soon to restore the power of the local cultural, political and business elites over the local regeneration agenda.     

Mapping post-fire forest regeneration and vegetation recovery using a combination of very high spatial resolution and hyperspectral satellite imagery

Careful evaluation of forest regeneration and vegetation recovery after a fire event provides vital information useful in land management. The use of remotely sensed data is considered to be especially suitable for monitoring ecosystem dynamics after fire. The aim of this work was to map post-fire forest regeneration and vegetation recovery on the Mediterranean island of Thasos by using a combination of very high spatial (VHS) resolution (QuickBird) and hyperspectral (EO-1 Hyperion) imagery and by employing object-based image analysis. More specifically, the work focused on (1) the separation and mapping of three major post-fire classes (forest regeneration, other vegetation recovery, unburned vegetation) existing within the fire perimeter, and (2) the differentiation and mapping of the two main forest regeneration classes, namely, Pinus brutia regeneration, and Pinus nigra regeneration. The data used in this study consisted of satellite images and field observations of homogeneous regenerated and revegetated areas. The methodology followed two main steps: a three-level image segmentation, and, a classification of the segmented images. The process resulted in the separation of classes related to the aforementioned objectives. The overall accuracy assessment revealed very promising results (approximately 83.7% overall accuracy, with a Kappa Index of Agreement of 0.79). The achieved accuracy was 8% higher when compared to the results reported in a previous work in which only the EO-1 Hyperion image was employed in order to map the same classes. Some classification confusions involving the classes of P. brutia regeneration and P. nigra regeneration were observed. This could be attributed to the absence of large and dense homogeneous areas of regenerated pine trees in the study area.     

Maturity Control on the Patterns of Hydrocarbon Regeneration from Coal

Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Py-GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evolution of coal. The patterns of hydrocarbon regeneration are diverse at different stages of the maturation and evolution. When the vitrinite reflectance (R0) is 0.7%-0.9%, bitumen is the richest in coal while activation energy is the minimum, and the temperature of peak yield is lower than that of primary hydrocarbon generation. However, if reflectance is greater than 0.9%, defunctionalization predominates and the temperature of peak regeneration is shown in lagging compared with the primary hydrocarbon generation. When reflectance is out of the "oil window", the peak temperature of hydrocarbon regeneration and that of the primary hydrocarbon generation seems to be continuous.     

关于大陆地壳消亡与再生循环过程的新认识——大别山新的区域地质资料和榴辉岩专题研究成果提出的启示

越来越多的区域地质资料显示，大别山UHP榴辉岩相变质的大陆岩石以及在片麻岩中发现的含有柯石英包裹体的锆石和含有绿辉石包裹体的石榴子石等重矿物可能却是一个已经熔融了的榴辉岩相大陆岩片遗留下来的残留体，它们被包裹在由变形、变质深成侵入体构成的正片麻岩之中。这些深成侵入体底辟在扬子陆块北缘新元古代低一中级变质的火山一沉积地层之下。依据上述区域地质事实，本文认为，大别山含有榴辉岩残留体的高级片麻岩不是一个“UHP变质地体”或“含有榴辉岩外来构造块体的混杂岩”，其原岩应该是一套由榴辉岩化大陆岩片熔融形成的深成岩浆底辟体。由此本文提出一个新的理论假说和构造模型，即深俯冲到地幔软流圈之中的大陆边缘在不同的深度发生了相应的HP-UHP榴辉岩相变质作用，随着与俯冲洋壳的断离，其在浮力的作用下快速底垫在仰；中大陆边缘之下并发生部分熔融，熔融体底辟并置换了造山带原有的根，后经过同结晶过程的变形和变质作用形成一套含有榴辉岩相残留体的，高级片麻岩本文称之为再生地壳。     

杉木人工林与米储次生促进林生产力和土壤肥力比较

通过对常绿阔叶林采伐迹地进行人工促进天然更新的以米槠为主的次生林(人促落)和营造杉木人工林24a后的比较研究，结果显示人促群落乔木层组成树种为27种，灌木层种类为49种，而对照(杉木人工林)的则分别为12种、32种，人促群落树种组成和结构比对照的复杂。人促群落林分生产力(单位面积蓄积加316.912m2/hm2)亦比对照的(单位面积蓄积量283.288m3/hm2)高。与对照的相比，人促群落0cm～20cm土层土壤哮聚长、＞0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量分别高3.17％、5.65％，而分散系数、结构体破坏率分别低11.94％、5.01％；土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别高7.12％、1.75％；土壤容重低14.97％；有机质含量高7.602g/kg；土壤酶活性较强，呼吸作用强度较大。这表明人促群落土壤结构性能、土壤保肥和供肥能力、土壤手化作用强度比对照均有较明显的提高。说明在常绿阔叶林采伐迹地上，采用人工促进天然更新是恢复常绿阔叶林，维持林地长期生产力较好的模式之一。