Deep‐burial alteration of early‐diagenetic carbonate concretions formed in Palaeozoic deep‐marine greywackes and mudstones (Bardo Unit,Sudetes Mountains,Poland)

Carbonate concretions formed in bathyal and deeper settings have been studied less frequently than those formed in shallow‐marine deposits. Similarly, concretions affected by catagenetic conditions have rarely been reported. Calcite concretions in deep‐marine mudstones and greywackes of the Bardo Unit (Sudetes Mountains, Poland) formed during early diagenesis and were buried to significant depths. Petrographic and geochemical (elemental and stable C and O isotopic) analyses document their formation close to the sediment–water interface, prior to mechanical compaction within the sulphate reduction zone and their later burial below the oil window. Although the concretions were fully formed during early diagenesis, the effects of increased temperature and interaction with late‐diagenetic interstitial fluids can be discerned. During maximum burial, the concretions underwent thorough recrystallization that caused alteration of fabric and elemental and O isotope composition. The initial finely crystalline cement was replaced by more coarsely crystalline, sheaf‐like, poikilotopic calcite in the concretions. These large calcite crystals engulf and partially replace unstable detrital constituents. The extremely low δ¹⁸O values (down to ?21·2‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) in the concretions are the result of the increased temperature in combination with alteration of volcanic glass, both causing a significant ¹⁸O‐depletion of bicarbonate dissolved in the interstitial fluids. Recrystallization led to uniform O isotope ratios in the concretions, but did not affect the C isotope signature. The δ¹³C values of the late‐diagenetic cements precipitated in the greywacke and in cracks cutting through concretions imply crystallization in the catagenetic zone and decarboxylation as a source of the bicarbonate. These late‐diagenetic processes took place in a supposedly overpressured setting, as suggested by clastic dykes and hydrofractures that cut through both concretions and host rock. All of these features show how the effects of early and late diagenesis can be distinguished in such rocks.     

塔中地区与热液有关白云岩的形成机理探讨

与热液有关白云岩以晶体粗大为特征,较易形成物性良好的油气储集体。塔中地区寒武系-下奥陶统发育大量深层白云岩,以粉-细晶白云岩为主,局部可见中-粗晶白云岩。该中-粗晶白云岩流体包裹体均一温度经压力校正主要集中在173~199℃,比该层位最大埋藏温度(约160℃)高10~40℃,故认为其形成与热液活动有关。镜下观察两种类型的白云岩存在渐变过渡现象和碳氧同位素值的部分重叠,说明中-粗晶白云岩可能由粉-细晶白云岩在热液作用下重结晶而来。进一步结合其流体包裹体盐度(为正常海水盐度的3~5倍)和富87Sr、贫13C的特征认为,其成岩流体可能为岩浆热液经过下寒武统富87Sr、贫13C泥页岩质烃源岩的改造,并向上运移与中寒武统膏岩层孔隙间浓缩海水混合而形成的混合性流体。前者为其提供热量,后者可增加其盐度,遍布区内的深大断裂体系为其提供了运移通道。     

东天山庙儿沟平顶冰川冰组构和微构造的特征分析

在德国Alfred-Wegener极地与海洋研究所用自动组构分析仪G50测试了东天山庙儿沟冰芯(43°03'19″N,94°19'21″E,4 512 m a.s.l.;2005年钻取,长58.7 m)冰微构造和组构,分析其特征并解释其所蕴含的意义。冰微构造和组构随深度的演变总体相似于其他中国山地冰川冰的观测结果,同时展示了其季节性特征。部分样品的测试结果有所波动,可能是样品在运输和存储过程中的热力学性质发生改变所致。组构型反应的力场较为简单,主要为中下部的单轴压应力作用。正常晶粒生长、多边形化作用和应变导致的边界迁移再结晶不能解释其在某一深段占据主导,而可能是三者共同作用于所有冰芯深部。     

SHRIMP Dating and Recrystallization of Metamorphic Zircons from a Granitic Gneiss in the Sulu UHP Terrane

An unusual zircon SHRIMP dating result of a granitic gneiss from the Qinglongshan eclogite-gneiss roadcut section is presented in this paper. The very peculiar and complicated internal structures, as well as the very low Th/U ratios (0.01-0.08) of the zircons indicate that they were formed by metamorphic recrystallization. Strongly in contrast with previously published zircon U-Pb ages of the Dabie-Sulu UHP metamorphic rocks where protolith ages of 600-800 Ma are commonly recorded, only metamorphic age of 218±5 Ma, defined by 18 analytical spots either in rim or in core of zircons, are recorded in this granitic gneiss. This age represents the time of the complete metamorphic recrystallization overprint on primary magmatic zircons. The recrystallization was derived by the UHP metamorphism, and was strengthened by the early stage of retrograde metamorphic fluid activity.     

塔里木盆地深部流体对碳酸盐岩储层影响

塔里木盆地地质历史上发生了强烈的岩浆—火山作用,喷出岩和侵入岩在多条野外剖面上可以见到,并被大量的钻井所揭示。伴随岩浆—火山作用会有大量的深部流体活动。盆地内部众多的深大断裂,包括隐伏基底断裂和盖层基底断裂,以及与之相连的小的断裂和裂缝构成了深部流体活动的必要通道。在深部流体作用下,下古生界碳酸盐岩产生了显著的溶蚀作用,溶蚀形成密集的针状孔隙或几毫米大小的小型溶孔,这些溶蚀孔隙对碳酸盐岩储层储集空间改善有着积极的意义。除溶蚀作用外,深部流体还在碳酸盐岩的裂缝或孔隙中沉淀形成多种典型的矿物,如方解石、石英、白云石、萤石、闪锌矿、黄铁矿等;这些矿物通常以几种类型矿物组成的矿物组合出现,如在塔北的沙15井可以见到石英、白云石和萤石组合产出,在塔中的塔中45井可以见到方解石、萤石、石英组合产出,在塔中12井可以见到闪锌矿、黄铁矿和绿泥石的组合产出。深部流体作用还使断裂附近的白云岩发生重结晶作用成为浅灰色/白色的中粗晶白云岩,以塔北的沙15井和巴楚三岔口剖面的重结晶白云岩最为典型。重结晶后的白云岩产生大量的晶间孔隙;并且重结晶过程中深部流体还对白云岩产生溶蚀形成大量的溶蚀孔隙,对白云岩储层改善起着重要的作用。     

Origin of the Pegmatitic Pyroxenite in the Merensky Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa

The genesis of the pegmatitic pyroxenite that often forms thebase of the Merensky Unit in the Bushveld Complex is re-examined.Large (>1 cm) orthopyroxene grains contain tricuspidate inclusionsof plagioclase, and chains and rings of chromite grains, whichare interpreted to have grown by reaction between small, primaryorthopyroxene grains and superheated liquid. This superheatedliquid may have been an added magma or be due to a pressurereduction as a result of lateral expansion of the chamber. Therewould then have been a period of non-accumulation of grains,permitting prolonged interaction with the crystal mush at thecrystal–liquid interface. Crystal ageing and grain enlargementof original orthopyroxene grains would ensue. Only after thepegmatitic pyroxenite had developed did another layer of chromiteand pyroxenite, with normal grain size, accumulate above it.Immiscible sulphide liquids formed with the second pyroxenite,but percolated down as a result of their density contrast, evenas far as the footwall anorthosite in some cases. Whole-rockabundances of incompatible trace elements in the pegmatiticpyroxenite are comparable with or lower than those of the overlyingpyroxenite, and so there is no evidence for addition and/ortrapping of large proportions of interstitial liquid, or ofan incompatible-element enriched liquid or fluid in the productionof the pegmatitic rock. Because of the coarse-grained natureof the rock, modal analysis, especially for minor minerals,is unreliable. Annealing has destroyed primary textures, suchthat petrographic studies should not be used in isolation todistinguish cumulus and intercumulus components. Geochemicaldata suggest that the Merensky pyroxenite (both pegmatitic andnon-pegmatitic) typically consists of about 70–80% cumulusorthopyroxene and 10–20% cumulus plagioclase, with a further10% of intercumulus minerals, and could be considered to bea heteradcumulate. KEY WORDS: Bushveld Complex; Merensky Reef; pegmatitic textures; cumulate processes; heteradcumulates; recrystallization; incompatible trace elements     

主要造岩矿物动态重结晶作用及其变质条件

动态重结晶是一种重要的矿物变形作用,主要包括膨凸、亚晶粒旋转和颗粒边界迁移重结晶作用三种变形机制。随着变质程度的不断增强,膨凸、亚晶粒旋转和颗粒边界迁移重结晶作用顺次出现。动态重结晶作用是温度、压力、应力以及流体等多方面综合作用的结果,而不仅仅与变形温度有关,因此我们认为以变质相带代替温度变化作为主要造岩矿物动态重结晶机制的转变条件应该更为合理。通过大量薄片观察和综合分析,我们概述了不同变质相条件下主要造岩矿物的变形特征组合,并提出了主要造岩矿物的动态重结晶发生的相对顺序大致应为方解石→黑云母→石英→长石→角闪石→橄榄石→辉石,与前人有所不同。     

安徽省姑山铁矿床中赤铁矿微晶的聚合

安徽省姑山铁矿床的矿石产在中生代辉长闪长岩与以三叠纪页岩，粉砂岩和砂岩为主的围岩的接触带上，矿石成分主要是微晶赤铁矿，其粒径为０．０１－０．０５ｍｍ，并与玉髓和细粒石英相交生，粒径达１－２ｍｍ的赤铁矿斑晶呈板状自形晶浸染于块状矿石中，显微镜观察表明，赤铁矿自形斑晶是在成矿期后由赤铁矿微晶聚合而成的。整个聚合过程包括微晶颗粒的相互靠近，颗粒旋转，结晶方位的定向以及最终的焊结，从而形成光性均一的变斑晶     

吸附金的重结晶实验

黄铁矿表面和方铅矿表面对金的硫氢络合方法的吸附特点不同，前者更易于将表面络合态金Ａｕ（Ｉ）还原成单质金Ａｕ（０），且吸附能力一些，经重结重晶实验以后，天然黄铁矿和合成黄铁有面的吸附金均发生了明显的迁移，归并作用，但二者归并的程度不同，方铅矿表面的吸附金则扫并效果不明显，结合矿物表面特征，利用矿物表面缺陷模型和表面扩散模型对上述结果进行了解释，并与矿石金的赋存状态进行了对比。     

锆石成因矿物学与锆石微区定年综述

锆石是岩浆岩、变质岩和石英脉型金矿床中的一种常见副矿物,对锆石成因类型的准确判断是正确理解锆石U-Pb年龄意义的关键.本文中笔者对不同成因类型锆石的判别标志及年龄意义进行系统的总结,并认为将锆石的阴极发光图像(CL)、背散射电子图像(BSE)、痕量元素组成及矿物包裹体特征的研究相结合是进行锆石成因鉴定的有效方法.近年来同位素质谱技术的发展使得人们对同一锆石颗粒内部不同成因类型的锆石晶域进行原位年龄测定成为可能.通过微区原位定年技术,能够给出有关寄主岩石的地质演化历史等重要信息,这可以为地质过程的精细年代学格架的建立提供有效的证据.来自不同类型岩石中的锆石可能经历了Pb的扩散丢失作用、晶格损伤导致的蜕晶化作用以及变质重结晶作用.这些过程对锆石计时的准确性和有效性带来了不同程度的影响.为了对测定锆石年龄的地质意义进行合理解释,在进行锆石U-Pb定年前,必需对锆石进行成因矿物学和矿物内部结构的深入研究,特别是阴极发光和背散射电子成像研究,通过内部结构特征确定锆石的成因类型和形成环境.笔者认为,组成单一的岩浆锆石是理想的U-Pb定年对象,变质重结晶锆石域常是重结晶锆石和继承晶质锆石的混合区,容易给出混合年龄,只有变质增生锆石和完全变质重结晶锆石才能给出准确的变质时代,而从继承锆石中鉴别出的热液锆石可以获得可靠的流体活动时间.