天津地区雷暴大风天气雷达产品特征分析

应用2002-2007年天津共46次雷暴大风天气过程的新一代天气雷达资料,并结合灾情报告和地面自动气象站资料,根据雷达基本反射率回波特征,影响渤海西部雷暴大风的雷达回波形态有以下四种类型:弓状回波、阵风锋、带状回波和零散椭圆状回波,其中弓状回波对应的雷暴大风天气最为强烈,特别是弓状回波的前部和顶端突起部分;同时弓状回波主体维持时间与雷暴大风维持时间基本一致.另外,应用垂直积分液态水含量产品(VIL)进行了统计分析.结果表明:当VIL值达到或超过40 kg·m~(-2)时,随后VIL值的快速减小对于预警雷暴大风天气有指示意义,这种信息一般能够提前10分钟出现.此外,分析了雷暴大风的路径来源有四类:分别是北方路径有9次,西北路径占19次,西方路径14次和其他路径4次,其中北方路径带来的灾害相对严重.这些特征对预警渤海西部雷暴大风天气提供使用价值,同时也可提供其他地区参考使用.     

低纬高原罕见“雷打雪”中尺度特征分析

应用常规高空资料、FY-2C卫星红外和水汽图像、加密自动站地面观测资料,结合新一代多普勒雷达探测资料,综合分析了2008年2月28日夜间至29日凌晨发生在云南的"雷打雪"罕见天气现象.结果表明:南支槽和冷空气、西南低空急流的共同影响,是其发生的有利天气背景,其中强对流天气就发生在急流与锋面相互作用的湿度锋湿区内斜压不稳定的环境中.中-γ尺度对流云团生成并逐渐增强为中-β尺度对流云团是形成此次复杂对流天气的直接中尺度系统.多普勒雷达回波中,PPI上有回波强度达25～33dBz的"人字形"回波、钩状回波以及阵风锋的出现,相应VPPI上出现逆风区、低层零线"S"形暖平流及"牛眼"结构是"雷打雪"天气中降雨转为冰雹、阵雪过程中,中尺度对流系统由弱变强的典型特征.地面逐时温、压、湿、风的迅速演变特征表现为雷暴发生前增温增湿和增压,温度、气压出现峰值,且气压曲线显示为圆顶状的中尺度雷暴高压特征;风的变化则表现为风向呈逆时针旋转,偏北风增大并出现风速峰值.雷暴过境时,要素显示为降温增湿,出现露点锋.     

基于5分钟雷达资料降水估测模型的比较

For the Z-R relationship in radar-based rainfall estimation, the distribution of corresponding R values for a given Z value （or the corresponding Z value for a given R value） may be highly skewed. However, the traditional power-law model is physically deduced and fitted under the normal-distribution presumption of radar wave echoes associated with a rain rate value, and it may not be very appropriate. Considering this problem, the authors devised several generalized linear models with different forms and distribution presumptions to represent the Z-R relationship. Radar-reflectivity scans observed by a CINRAD/SC Doppler radar and 5-minute rainfall accumulation recorded by 10 ground gauges were used to fit these models. All data used in this study were collected during some large rainfalls of the period from 2005 to 2007. The radar and all gauges were installed in the catchment of the Yishu River, a branch of the Huaihe River in China. Three models based on normal distribution and a dBZ presumption of gamma distribution were fitted using maximum-likelihood techniques, which were resolved by genetic algorithms. Comparisons of estimated maximized likelihoods based on assumptions of gamma and normal distribution showed that all generalized linear models （GLMs） of presumed gamma distribution were better fitted than GLMs based on normal distribution. In a comparison of maximum-likelihood, the differences between these three models were small. Three error statistics were used to assess the agreement between radar estimated rainfall and gauge rainfall： relative bias （B）, root mean square error （RMSE）, and correlation coefficient （r）. The results showed that no one model was excellent in all criteria. On the whole, the GLM-based models gave smaller relative bias than the traditional power-law model. It is suggested that validations conducted in many previous works should have been made against a specific criterion but overlooked others.     

北京地区一次罕见的雷暴大风过程特征分析

分析了2006年6月24日北京地区一次罕见的瞬时极大风速超过32 m.s-1的雷暴大风事件。多普勒天气雷达观测表明,此次强雷暴大风与镶嵌在飑线回波带中的弓形回波相关。后侧入流急流促使飑线回波带南段快速移动并与其前面的新生单体合并加强形成弓形回波。深厚的中气旋、低层径向速度辐合和高层辐散等在构成弓形回波的强对流单体形成过程中起了重要的作用。根据雷达回波特征演变推断,这次雷暴大风直接由构成弓形回波的一个强对流单体内的下击暴流导致。使用微波辐射计和风廓线仪的观测资料揭示了上述强风暴发生的环境条件,即高的对流有效位能值、中等强度的风垂直切变,以及风切变的分布特征为飑线等的产生提供了有利条件。下沉对流有效位能和对流层低层环境大气温度直减率明显增加并接近干绝热,这对即将到来的下击暴流具有指示意义。     

CloudSat卫星及其在天气和云观测分析中的应用

介绍了2006年4月28日成功发射的第1颗以对云层特性进行全球主动遥感测量CloudSat卫星的观测仪器、工作参数、运行方式、数据产品及“A—Train”卫星群等基本概况。CloudSat卫星主要有效载荷是94GHz（3mm波）云雷达,它可以“切开”云层,获得许多有关云的最新气象数据,主要数据产品包括了云的宏观物理参量和微观物理参量。介绍了CloudSat卫星已获得的典型天气和云的初期观测结果：从首次观测的云三维图片,可以清楚地看到南极洲上空风暴云的垂直剖面结构特征;从首张获得降雪云的垂直剖面图像可以得到降雪云层的发展状态以及结构特点;使用CloudSat统计数据可分析全球水凝物的分布特征。将TRMM卫星上的测雨雷达与CloudSat卫星上的云雷达联合观测研究,可以获得从薄云到浓厚云及降水的精细垂直结构特征。通过下载的CloudSat观测资料,对我国典型台风和层状云系等两类不同天气条件下云的宏微观结构特征等进行了初步分析,可以看到台风眼区附近云系的垂直结构随台风发展不同阶段的演变;从层状云系的垂直剖面可以清楚地发现云层的内部分层结构及不同相态的垂直分布特征等。     

风暴生命史雷达特征量反演

从风暴演变各阶段物理特征出发, 基于多普勒雷达观测的三维反射率因子, 定义物理量———单体重力势能。结果表明:单体重力势能是一个能够简洁、客观描述风暴单体整体强度的物理量; 利用该物理量可描述单体生命史为发展和减弱两个基本过程; 单体重力势能大小有助于辨别风暴类型和强度。同时, 生成和分析了风暴单体演变各阶段的反射率因子垂直廓线, 分析表明:在30~150 km的雷达观测范围内, 风暴单体的反射率因子垂直廓线 (降水廓线) 及其随时间的变化能较好地揭示风暴的垂直结构和生命史演变特征, 但没有用重力势能那样简洁。     

IMPROVEMENT OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TYPHOON RANANIM (0414) BY USING DOPPLER RADAR DATA

Typhoon Rananim (0414) has been simulated by using the non-hydrostatic Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) from Center of Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS). The prediction of Rananim has generally been improved with ARPS using the new generation CINRAD Doppler radar data. Numerical experiments with or without using the radar data have shown that model initial fields with the assimilated radar radial velocity data in ARPS can change the wind field at the middle and high levels of the troposphere; fine characteristics of the tropical cyclone (TC) are introduced into the initial wind, the x component of wind speed south of the TC is increased and so is the y component west of it. They lead to improved forecasting of TC tracks for the time after landfall. The field of water vapor mixing ratio, temperature, cloud water mixing ratio and rainwater mixing ratio have also been improved by using radar reflectivity data. The model’s initial response to the introduction of hydrometeors has been increased. It is shown that horizontal model resolution has a significant impact on intensity forecasts, by greatly improving the forecasting of TC rainfall, and heavy rainstorm of the TC specially, as well as its distribution and variation with time.     

长度检定场设计及控制测量

长度检定场是电磁波测距仪量值传递的主要标准,主要用于各等级电磁波测距仪的常数测定,本文根据相关的测量规范,就建场设计及其控制测量中一些技术问题作了一些分析和探讨.     

网格技术研发情况综述

网格是继互联网的前两个浪潮Internet和Web之后的第三次浪潮,迅速受到全世界的瞩目。美国、欧洲、日本、韩国、中国等都启动了大型网格研究计划,并得到了产业界的支持。综述了各国网格技术研发情况。     

Influence of the water layer upon the depth of ground radar investigations in freshwater reservoirs

A number of problems associated with detailed investigation of subsurface geological structure below the bottoms of freshwater reservoirs (rivers, ponds, and lakes) arise during the study of the upper portions of geological sections. The present study is aimed at marginal estimation of the penetrating depth of ground radar investigations in freshwater reservoirs (based on bottom reflections), taking into account the complex nature of conductivity and its dependence upon the frequency under ideal conditions with no noise. The same method can be applied for estimating any given dynamic recording range.