War landform mapping and classification on the Verdun battlefield (France) using airborne LiDAR and multivariate analysis

Acting as efficient earth-movers, soldiers can be viewed as significant geomorphological drivers of landscape change when replaced in the recent debates on Anthropocene Geomorphology. ‘Polemoforms’, generated by military activities, correspond with a set of human-made landforms of various sizes and geometries. They are particularly common on the World War One battlefield of Verdun (France) which ranks among the largest battles of attrition along the Western Front. The artillery bombardments and building of defensive positions in that battle significantly altered the landscape, resulting in thousands of shell craters, dugouts, and gun positions that have altered both the meso and microtopography. This paper proposes an innovative methodology to make an exhaustive inventory of these small-scale conflict-induced landforms (excluding linear features such as trenches) using a digital terrain model (DTM) acquired by airborne LiDAR on the whole battlefield. Morphometric analysis was conducted using Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOMs) and hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) in order to quantify and classify the high number of war landforms. This combined approach allowed for mapping more than one million landforms which can be classified into eight different shapes including shell craters and various soldier-made landforms (i.e. shelters, gun positions, etc.). Detection quality evaluation using field observations revealed the algorithm successfully classified 93% of shell craters and 74% of anthropologically constructed landforms. Finally, the iconographic database and map series produced will help archaeologists and foresters to better manage the historic site of Verdun, today covered by a large forest of ~10 000 ha. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROPOLITICS: THE GEOGRAPHICAL SCALES OF WATER AND SECURITY IN THE INDUS BASIN*

ABSTRACT. The article identifies important themes and future research directions for analyzing water and conflict dynamics at the subnational scale in the Indus Basin. A historical overview of water development in the Indus Basin suggests that the water‐security nexus was always a salient theme in the minds of water developers, even in the nineteenth century. Conflicts over contemporary large‐scale water‐development projects in the Indian and Pakistani parts of the Indus Basin are reviewed. Engineers' single‐minded focus on megaprojects, to the neglect of the wider set of values that societies attach to water resources in the eastern and western Indus Basin are largely to blame for continuing low‐grade conflict in the basin. A review of local‐level conflicts over water supply and sanitation in Karachi and the distribution of irrigation water in Pakistani Punjab illustrates the critical role of governance and differential social power relations in accentuating conflict. The article argues against neo‐Malthusian assumptions about the inevitability of conflict over water because of its future absolute scarcity. Instead, the article seeks to demonstrate that, despite evidence suggesting that international armed conflict over water does not exist, the potential for political instability over domestic water distribution and development issues is real. The question of whether conflict at the subnational scale will culminate in violence will depend on how water‐resources institutions in the basin behave.     

解决图形冲突的受限变形所涉及的数学原则——以道路与建筑物的关系为例

在新型辅助栅-矢混合数据结构以及自动建筑物分类的基础上，介绍了在地图缩编中因周围多条道路符号加宽而无法通过移位来维持建筑物与道路符号的正确关系时必须采取的建筑物受限变形所涉及的数学原则，给出了实验结果，并用目视法和数字法对变形结果作了评价与分析。     

Conflict studies and critical geopolitics — theoretical concepts and recent research in political geography

The political and economic upheavals during the past two decades have led to a new social and political organization of space on all levels of scale. To deal with the obvious changes, political geography had to rethink and to extend its traditional concepts. Transcending its long taken-for-granted radical approaches, the Anglo-American geography developed two conceptional paths, both of which are still relevant for political geography today:— a new awareness of regional differences in political action and culture— a new, constructionist awareness of the instrumentalization of geographical discourses for geopolitical purposes.With these theoretical concepts, political geography is examining a number of both traditional and new fields of research. Their heterogeneity is once again evidence of postmodern diversity and difference. They are characterized by both a new awareness of differentiation and a widening of the traditional viewpoint in three closely related respects transcending the traditional topics of political activity, the traditional political actors and the established levels of scale of politics. Based on the current literature it is possible to outline some major themes and perspectives of current political geography that are closely linked together, like knots in thematic networks:1. ecological politics and resource conflicts 2. territorial conflicts and boundaries 3. geopolitics and the politics of identity 4. globalization and new international relations 5. the symbolic representation of political power 6. regional conflicts and new social movements.     

循环经济GIS数据库空间冲突的确认方法研究

空间冲突的确认是空间冲突检测和处理不可缺少的重要环节。本文只是对线目标间空间冲突的确认方法进行了初步的探讨,给出了数据库更新背景下线线空间冲突的确认方法。该方法综合考虑空间数据精度、目标类型、时态、语义等因素,利用元数据、DLG、DRG、影像数据以及专家经验等对检测出的空间冲突进行人机交互确认。     

Resolving Location Conflict with Standardized Space‐Cost Curves

Location analysis is concerned with the siting of facilities according to various cost criteria. Accessibility‐based cost criteria typically generate different optimal solutions (least‐cost location configurations) and location conflict arises. This paper outlines a new way to resolve such conflict–for single facilities sited in one‐dimensional space. Piecewise‐linear space‐cost curves for two well known criteria, efficiency and equality, are first transformed into standardized (Z‐score) curves. A family of hybrid space‐cost curves is then generated, where each member of the family reflects different fractional weights, w and 1‐w, being placed on efficiency and equality. Decision‐makers or users can assign these weights directly to the two criteria, thereby determining the most appropriate hybrid space‐cost curve used in resolving location conflict. This hybrid curve provides standardized, two‐criteria cost information for all possible facility locations.     

中国人—野猪冲突时空特征及对生态系统“反服务”的启示

中国农村社会经济转型背景下,生态系统“反服务”现象频现,如何协同生态保护与社会经济发展面临巨大挑战。本文基于收集的733件典型人—野猪冲突（又称野猪“肇事”）事件资料,采用荟萃分析法研究了2000—2021年中国野猪“肇事”事件的时空分布、危害和驱动因素。在此期间,野猪“肇事”的数量、空间范围和危害程度均呈递增趋势,涉及省、市和区（县）数量分别由初期的18个、41个和67个增至近期的25个、147个和399个,相应增幅分别为39%、259%和496%。其中2005年以前野猪“肇事”集中在重庆市和湖北省中西部,之后向四周扩张,2015年以后集中在四川盆地、黄土高原、长江中下游以及长白山等丘陵山区,表现形式以破坏农作物、侵害家禽和致人伤亡为主,尤以对农作物的破坏并导致耕地撂荒最为普遍,并伴随致人伤亡事件的快速增加,约占“肇事”总数量的1/4(23.66%)。目前情况下,野猪“肇事”蔓延趋势和危害性是一种典型的生态系统“反服务”现象,这种现象的加剧是生态恢复、禁猎政策、农地与生态用地界线不清、野猪生存力强且缺少天敌等因素的综合作用结果,对撂荒地利用、农户生计改善以及区域生态安全维持已构成明显...     

Spatial conflict measurement in resource-based cities and spatial responses北大核心CSCD

科学诊断资源型城市空间冲突等级,厘清空间冲突变化与土地利用间的复杂关系,对城市转型发展、区域资源合理利用具有重要意义。论文基于山东省新泰市资源型城市特征,以生态系统服务价值和土地利用为视角,从空间压力、空间暴露性和空间风险响应维度构建空间冲突测度模型,并运用地理加权回归模型探讨了空间冲突的变化与土地利用调整间的关系。结果表明:(1)2009—2020年,新泰市空间冲突指数保持稳定,变化量仅为0.0018,且不同冲突等级的变化趋势不同;空间冲突格局呈圈层分布,由中心向四周等级逐渐减弱。(2)2009—2020年,新泰市平均土地利用动态度为23.14%,空间布局差异性显著,土地利用特征以耕地林化、土地整治、建设用地及生态用地扩张为主。(3)地理加权回归模型分析显示,土地利用动态度与空间冲突指数变化呈显著相关(P<0.01,R^(2)=0.8517),平均系数值为0.1381,且以正相关为主,表明新泰市土地利用调整对空间冲突的抑制产生了积极影响。研究可为区域土地合理利用、空间冲突治理及空间结构优化提供科学依据。     

Co-existence of seals and fisheries? Adaptation of a coastal fishery for recovery of the Baltic grey seal

A complex controversy emerged when the grey seal population in the Baltic Sea recovered after decades of stagnation. The seals now cause substantial economic losses to coastal fisheries. The paper analyses the attempts taken in Finland to mitigate the problems of fishermen. The mitigation attempts include the hunting of seals, fishing technology development, economic compensations and more comprehensive management approaches. These measures are discussed in light of the long-term sustainability and adaptability of a coastal fishery. This question is important with respect to further discussions on the possibility of the coastal fishery’s co-existence with seals and sheds light on more general goals for the adaptability in the management of social–ecological systems. The paper concludes that the more comprehensive measures taken have acknowledged the need to enhance the fishery’s adaptability, but the managerial approach they represent falls short of the requirements for successful adaptive management, especially in terms of embedding the management into specific coastal contexts.     

Perception and attitudes of local communities towards wild elephant-related problems and conservation in Xishuangbanna,southwestern China

The problem of wild elephants, or human-elephant conflict (HEC), influences the daily life of local communities and hinders the conservation of wild elephants.The perception and attitudes of local communities who inhabited the frontiers between human activities and wild elephant movement are important to the mitigation of the HEC and conservation of wild elephants. To analyze the perception and attitudes of local communities, the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was used in the investigation of 423 interviewees from 22 villages in Xishuangbanna from July 2009 to February 2010. The results indicated that local communities had their views on the elephant-related problems. In field survey, we found that 66.5% of interviewees were willing to support, participate in, and assist in the conservation of wild elephants;33.5% of interviewees were opposed or indifferent to such conservation, because their livelihoods and even their lives were endangered by wild elephants. These views and attitudes were influenced by local communities′perception of HEC, education level, gender and self-interest. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the diverse views among local communities and balance profits and costs in addressing HEC.