Urban landscape as mirror of ethnicity: trees of the South Plains

The literatures on urban forestry, environmental justice, and Marxist urban political ecology are considered through empirical attention to the localized racial and ethnic politics which spatially differentiate urban socio-natural landscapes. In the American Southwest, urban landscapes reflect a history in which Anglo Whites were able to distance themselves from spaces of production while gaining access to superior residences and environmental amenities in spaces of reproduction; ethnoracially marginalized Others were treated as necessary yet disfavored populations, thus constituting a segregated mode of production. In this study, we investigate the association between tree canopy cover and the location of urban ethnic minority populations with a focus on the arid Southern High Plains city of Lubbock, Texas. Using data from color infrared aerial photography and block-group demographic indicators from the 2010 US Census, we analyze the city’s arboreal landscape with a mix of methods—hierarchical regression, archival research, and field observation. Results confirm that a lack of tree cover in minority neighborhoods is a symptom of broader environmental inequalities in which contemporary segregation patterns reflect a history of residential and land-use zoning with the socio-natural relations of planting and sustaining urban trees.     

Cattle-based livelihoods,changes in the taskscape,and human–bear conflict in the Ecuadorian Andes

Cattle-raising, especially for dairy, has expanded in the Ecuadorian Andes since the late 1990s as smallholding farmers have shifted their livelihood activities away from crop-based agriculture due to changes in climate, market conditions, and rural out-migration. Non-migrants constructing cattle-based livelihoods are turning to cattle as the basis for “viable” livelihoods in order to remain in depopulating rural parishes. Non-migrant farmers express ideals such as autonomy and tranquility as reasons for their attachment to rural places. In turn, their livelihood activities remake these places materially. Drawing on Tim Ingold’s conceptualization of taskscape and landscape, I argue that cattle-based livelihoods create a taskscape prone to human–wildlife conflict. Since 2009, residents have reported dozens of Andean bear attacks on cattle. Cattle are vulnerable capital assets. They represent both an investment with daily and weekly dividends over many years, in the form of milk, and a long-term form of wealth storage. The turn to cattle-based livelihoods in this region has thus heightened human–bear conflict. The phenomenon of the human–bear conflict is therefore a product of shifting livelihoods and accompanying changes in the taskscape. This analysis demonstrates the importance of listening to narratives of place attachment and accounting for the cultural logics of livelihood choices when considering interventions to address human–wildlife conflict.     

Disparities in Spatial Accessibility of Pharmacies in Baton Rouge,Louisiana

This study examines spatial accessibility of pharmacies in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Two popular geographic information systems (GIS)—based methods are compared: the proximity method uses the distance (travel time) from the nearest pharmacy, and the two‐step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method considers the match ratio between providers and population as well as the complex spatial interaction between them. The study indicates that disproportionally higher percentages of African‐Americans are in areas with shorter travel time to the nearest pharmacies than whites, but suffer from poorer accessibility measured by the 2SFCA method—that is, fewer pharmacies per 10,000 residents. Seniors, particularly those of seventy‐five years or older, tend to be disproportionally concentrated in areas that not only are closer to pharmacies, but also have more pharmacies per 10,000 residents. The two methods used in the study capture different elements in spatial accessibility: one being physically close to a facility and another adding the crowdedness in service. Both properties can be valuable for residents. The two may not always coincide with each other in spatial variability, as it is the case for racial disparity in our study area. However, when they do, as in the case for seniors, it may imply a true (dis)advantage for a demographic group in terms of both properties of spatial accessibility.     

制图知识库驱动的数据库自动制图方法

随着测绘地理信息技术的快速发展,地图制图工艺发生了重大变化,基于地理空间数据库的自动化制图成为主流。尽管基于GIS(geographic information system)软件配图方式的自动制图技术逐渐成熟,并且在一定程度上满足了电子地图快速发布的需求,但地图制图领域中的高质量地图制图工艺和技术方法的改进仍然进展缓慢,人工依然承担大量重复的低效率的制图工作。本方法以制图知识库为驱动、基于制图软件平台开发自动制图系统,在保持软件原有制图工艺特点和功能不被改变的前提下,对专业制图软件的制图功能进行扩展,实现了制图软件中GIS数据库的全要素的自动化制图,减少地图制图工作量,实现高质量地图制图的自动化,极大提高制图效率。     

跨界民族文化景区核心利益相关者的共生整合机制——以泸沽湖景区为例

文章运用利益相关者(stakeholder)理论并协同共生(symbiosis)理论的分析方法,对跨界民族文化景区的核心利益相关者作了界定,并就其共生关系、共生模式进行了模型建构;结合泸沽湖景区典型案例,构建了该类景区核心利益相关者共生博弈框架。研究表明:"S-S"理论的协同应用,对于跨界民族文化景区业已显现的核心利益相关者关系问题的剖析与诊断具有较强的分析力和解释力,可为整合冲突与建立协作机制提供理论依据;对滇、川两省告别"一湖两治",共同申报泸沽湖世界自然与文化双重遗产具有现实意义。     

分布依存规则指导的空间数据冲突探测与一致性改正

作为空间数据质量的重要方面,一致性关系维护在多源数据集成建库与一致性更新中扮演重要角色。相较于同一要素类目标间发生的拓扑不一致,不同要素类目标间的不一致问题通常表现为深层次的分布模式不匹配,语义关系逻辑矛盾等,实施一致性维护困难得多。本研究从地理学第一定律出发,将不同性质地理实体空间分布上形成的依存关系作为一致性评价的依据。首先,总结归纳了位置共享、结构关联、区域包含3种不同类型的分布依存关系,并形式化表达为一致性约束规则;然后,探讨了违背不同类型约束规则的冲突现象探测与一致性改正方法。本研究从地理学角度认知空间数据质量问题,通过知识工程手段,引入分布依存知识作为一致性处理的依据,对扩宽空间数据质量的研究思路具有意义。     

From Lightning Rod to Community Asset? The Creation of a Protected Area in Northern California and its Evolving Relationship to a Nearby Community

Researchers have described shifting relationships between communities and Protected Areas (PAs), from excluding communities to consultative relationships to participatory models. This research focuses on a PA created on formerly industrial timberland that was the focus of conflict between environmental activists and the timber industry. In a nearby formerly timber-dependent community, we assessed community use and support of the PA, and its perceived purposes and benefits, through a survey of residents and interviews with key stakeholders. Despite intense conflict surrounding its creation, we found support for the PA, and our case suggests a new possible relationship between PAs and communities, which is mitigating and helping to resolve natural resource conflict. We also found that community well-being benefits of the PA were unclear; we suggest that PA management should include cultural, economic, and historical context in objectives and interpretive materials; and should work to create economic opportunities connected to the PA.     

中国自然保护地旅游资源利用的冲突和协调路径分析

协调旅游资源保护与利用冲突是当前自然保护地体系建设亟待解决的关键问题之一。论文利用质性研究方法,在系统总结中国自然保护地旅游资源利用的阶段特征与模式基础上,分析了现阶段旅游资源利用的冲突及其矛盾本质,并从多维视角探讨冲突的形成机制,从生态保护、社区发展、理论逻辑等方面分析现阶段自然保护地旅游资源利用的可行性与合理性;最后从建立利益主体权责明确的一体化资源利用机制、加强对旅游资源利用活动资源环境效应的评估、因地制宜探索自然生态资源保护和利用的动态模式、建立更加精准化的自然保护地分区利用方案、以生态理念为指导创新生态旅游产品类型等方面,提出自然保护地旅游资源利用的合理路径。研究结论有助于各界从系统性视角深入理解现阶段自然保护地旅游资源利用的冲突,同时对合理推动自然生态资源的可持续利用具有借鉴意义。     

区域环境冲突与排污权交易模型探讨

废水排污权交易地区交叉补贴的设想是通过建立上下游地区之间的排污权交易模型,将下游地区的排污权交易所得向上游地区转移,解决上游地区对下游地区的二次污染问题,从而减少流域污染.本文在污染权交易基本思路和研究进展的基础上,在并不考虑交易成本的假设下,建立了流域污染总量分配模型和存在收入差别的地区间污染源排污权分配模型,以此来确定污染的总量分配及价格,计算污染权的地区分配及其收益.太湖流域由于经济最为发达,环境问题十分突出,是目前我国最适宜率先实施污染权交易试点的地区,因此假定以江苏省无锡和常州两个相邻城市进行污染权交易作为试点,运用上述模式,以分别计算基准价格、排污权交易量和交易效用,研究结果显示出交易具有明显的经济和环境效应.