Origin and evolution of geothermal fluids from Las Tres Vírgenes and Cerro Prieto fields,Mexico – Co-genetic volcanic activity and paleoclimatic constraints

Major and trace elements, noble gases, and stable (δD, δ¹⁸O) and cosmogenic (³H, ¹⁴C) isotopes were measured from geothermal fluids in two adjacent geothermal areas in NW-Mexico, Las Tres Vírgenes (LTV) and Cerro Prieto (CP). The goal is to trace the origin of reservoir fluids and to place paleoclimate and structural-volcanic constraints in the region. Measured ³He/⁴He (R) ratios normalized to the atmospheric value (R_a = 1.386 × 10⁻⁶) vary between 2.73 and 4.77 and are compatible with mixing between a mantle component varying between 42 and 77% of mantle helium and a crustal, radiogenic He component with contributions varying between 23% and 58%. Apparent U–Th/⁴He ages for CP fluids (0.7–7 Ma) suggest the presence of a sustained ⁴He flux from a granitic basement or from mixing with connate brines, deposited during the Colorado River delta formation (1.5–3 Ma). Radiogenic in situ ⁴He production age modeling at LTV, combined with the presence of radiogenic carbon (1.89 ± 0.11 pmC – 35.61 ± 0.28 pmC) and the absence of tritium strongly suggest the Quaternary infiltration of meteoric water into the LTV geothermal reservoir, ranging between 4 and 31 ka BP. The present geochemical heterogeneity of LTV fluids can be reconstructed by mixing Late Pleistocene – Early Holocene meteoric water (58–75%) with a fossil seawater component (25–42%), as evidenced by Br/Cl and stable isotope trends. CP geothermal water is composed of infiltrated Colorado River water with a minor impact by halite dissolution, whereas a vapor-dominated sample is composed of Colorado River water and vapor from deeper levels. δD values for the LTV meteoric end-member, which are 20‰–44‰ depleted with respect to present-day precipitation, as well as calculated annual paleotemperatures 6.9–13.6 °C lower than present average temperatures in Baja California point to the presence of humid and cooler climatic conditions in the Baja California peninsula during the final stage of the Last Glacial Pluvial period. Quaternary recharge of the LTV geothermal reservoir is related to elevated precipitation rates during cooler-humid climate intervals in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. The probable replacement of connate water or pore fluids by infiltrating surface water might have been triggered by enhanced fracture and fault permeability through contemporaneous tectonic–volcanic activity in the Las Tres Vírgenes region. Fast hydrothermal alteration processes caused a secondary, positive δ¹⁸O-shift from 4‰ to 6‰ for LTV and from 2‰ to 4‰ for CP geothermal fluids since the Late Glacial infiltration.     

树轮地貌学重建滑坡事件研究进展

树轮地貌学以其定年准确、分辨率高和时间跨度长等特点在地表过程的研究中具有极其重要的作用。树木年轮可以作为一个可靠的工具来获得滑坡过去活动的历史证据,进而解释现在正在发生的并窥探滑坡的变形信息。本文对国内外树轮地貌学方法在滑坡事件研究中的现状和取得的成果进行总结,重点阐释了树轮地貌学的原理和树轮地貌学重建滑坡活动迹象与时空分布的研究进展,并讨论了该方法存在的不足,展望了我国利用树轮地貌学开展滑坡事件研究的前景。     

山东省临邑县临盘镇地裂冒喷水油灾害初步分析

1998年7月临邑县临盘镇西十二里村发生地裂冒喷水油灾害：对此次灾害研究认为，灾害发生前地应力已有明显改变，这种改变应是自然因素造成的，油田开发难以直接引发断层的活动。因此，地裂冒喷水、油灾害是因活动性断昙——临邑断层在局部薄弱部位活动而引起的，断层活动使地下流体顺断层涌出地表，是自然地质灾害。灾害的诱发因素是多方面的，其中地面不均衡沉降耦合使得地下应力布不均习，导致在断层的薄弱部位产生应力集中，并引发灾害发生。灾害发生已使得地下不均衡应力得以释放，近期内再次发生灾害的可能性不大。     

海南岛中生代地洼期构造与金银多金属成矿特征

海南岛地洼活动始于二叠纪末,白垩世达到剧烈期。经历了基性一中性,中一酸性岩浆喷发及侵人和基性岩浆活动三个阶段。时空分布由南向北迁移。区内发育四种金、银、多金属矿床：（1）多因复成型;（2）隐爆角砾岩型;（3）热液型;（4）矽卡岩型。矿体产于断裂构造内,与酸偏碱性侵人岩相伴生。     

Climate changing characteristics of Zhangye City in Heihe River basin during 1968–2005

At present, researches on climate change of the Heihe River basin mainly focus on the relationship between basin climate change and regional water resources, regional desertification and dynamic climatic seasons of sandstorm, but less on climate change of oasis region, where there are more intense and frequent human activities. Based on data of precipitation, temperature, strong wind and dust events frequencies obtained from the six meteorological stations of Zhangye region in Heihe River basin, the features of climate change during 1968–2005 were carefully studied. Results show that the regional temperature rise rate exceeded the average level of China. The annual precipitation changed a little, but the precipitation had a slowly increasing trend in spring and winter. Frequencies of strong wind and sandstorm days show obviously descending trends, which had a close correlation with the regional temperature rise and the precipitation increase in spring and winter. Meanwhile, further human economic activities and exploitations to the oasis in the inland valley of arid regions also affected the climate change of this region, which has a sensitive and fragile eco-environment. __________ Translated from Journal of Desert Research, 2007, 27(6): 1048–1054 [译自: 中国沙漠]     

基岩地区地源热泵系统浅层地热地质条件评估工作方法

在北京地区建设地源热泵系统之前,需要开展浅层地热地质条件评估,以作为政府部门为地源热泵系统立酉备案的必要的技术文件,是一项专业前期可行性研究工作。其评估工作方法和内容,在基岩地区和第四系松散沉积区应有很大的不同。在基岩地区应倜重于野外实地调查,包括填制工作区地质图、工作区岩石特征,岩石完整性调查和水井普测等;并通过充分的资料收集和必要的勘查手段,查明工作区地层、岩石、构造等地质条件,特别是划分构造带、构造影响带范围,进而判断换热孔钻遇地层的可钻性和换热能力,进行相关技术和经济分析及评价。     

Fluid–Sediment Interaction in a Marine Shallow-Water Hydrothermal System in the Wakamiko Submarine Crater, South Kyushu, Japan

The Wakamiko submarine crater is a small depression located in Kagoshima Bay, southwest Japan. Marine shallow‐water hydrothermal activity associated with fumarolic gas emissions at the crater sea floor (water depth 200 m) is considered to be related with magmatic activity of the Aira Caldera. During the NT05‐13 dive expedition conducted in August 2005 using remotely operated vehicle Hyper‐Dolphine (Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology), an active shimmering site was discovered (tentatively named the North site) at approximately 1 km from the previously known site (tentatively named the South site). Surface sediment (up to 30 cm) was cored from six localities including these active sites, and the alteration minerals and pore fluid chemistry were studied. The pore fluids of these sites showed a drastic change in chemical profile from that of seawater, even at 30 cm below the surface, which is attributed to mixing of the ascending hydrothermal component and seawater. The hydrothermal component of the North site is estimated to be derived from a hydrothermal aquifer at 230°C based on the hydrothermal end‐member composition. Occurrence of illite/smectite interstratified minerals in the North site sediment is attributed to in situ fluid–sediment interaction at a temperature around 150°C, which is in accordance with the pore fluid chemistry. In contrast, montmorillonite was identified as the dominant alteration mineral in the South site sediment. Together with the significant low potassium concentration of the hydrothermal end‐member, the abundant occurrence of low‐temperature alteration mineral suggests that the hydrothermal aquifer in the South site is not as high as 200°C. Moreover, the montmorillonite is likely to be unstable with the present pore fluid chemistry at the measured temperature (117°C). This disagreement implies unstable hydrothermal activity at the South site, in contrast to the equilibrium between the pore fluid and alteration minerals in the North site sediment. This difference may reflect the thermal and/or hydrological structure of the Wakamiko Crater hydrothermal system.     

大陆俯冲带流体活动:超高压变质岩矿物水含量和稳定同位素制约

对超高压变质岩中含水矿物和名义上无水矿物的地球化学研究,极大地深化了我们对大陆碰撞带地壳俯冲和折返过程中流体体制的认识。就流体体制和化学地球动力学来说,有关研究在大别-苏鲁造山带进行的最为详细,因此已经成为研究大陆俯冲带变质的典型地区。本文以大别-苏鲁造山带为对象,从矿物水含量的角度,结合稳定同位素论述了大陆俯冲带流体活动。超高压变质岩中名义上无水矿物含有大量的水,以结构羟基和分子水形式存在。名义上无水矿物中结构羟基和分子水出溶与含水矿物分解共同构成了折返过程中退变质流体的主要来源。名义上无水矿物所释放的水以富集轻的氢氧同位素为特征,而含水矿物分解则提供了富集D的流体来源。折返过程中,名义上无水矿物降压脱水存在亏损D的分子水的优先丢失和不同形式水之间的相互转化。不同岩性的水含量差异导致了它们在折返过程中不同的流体活动行为。大陆板块俯冲和折返过程中,在不同矿物、不同岩性以及板片不同部位之间存在水的再分配;板片的一部分作为富水流体的源,而另一部分可能作为汇。     

天然闪锌矿原位高温X射线衍射研究

对天然闪锌矿进行了原位高温X射线衍射实验研究,结果表明：闪锌矿受热膨胀,27～675℃温度范围内其膨胀系数为25.61×10-6℃-1;随着温度的升高,在543℃时产生中间物相Zn3O（SO4）2,并分解产生红锌矿ZnO;在797℃时中间物相完全消失,同时出现尖晶石结构的ZnFe2O4;加热至1160℃时的产物为ZnO和ZnFe2O4。实验表明,天然闪锌矿的热改性可产生一定比例的红锌矿（ZnO）,其与闪锌矿一起形成二元复合半导体。在光的激发下,该半导体体系产生的光生载流子由一种半导体注入另一种半导体,降低了光生电子-空穴对的复合几率,提高其光催化活性。本文的研究可为热改性提高天然闪锌矿光催化活性提供理论依据。     

甘肃疏勒河冲积扇发育特征及其对构造活动的响应

甘肃疏勒河冲积扇是面积达2400km²的一个巨型冲积扇,位于青藏高原北缘阿尔金断裂带东端。区域构造上该扇发育在阿尔金主断裂、三危山断裂和南截山断裂组成的阿尔金断裂带左旋走滑构造域。根据野外调查获得的沉积层序、地貌形态和构造变形等资料,该冲积扇可划分为老冲积扇和新冲积扇。老冲积扇扇顶紧靠阿尔金主断裂,由已显著构造变形的早更新统玉门砾岩组成;新冲积扇是在老冲积扇基础上发育的,扇顶已向下游移动到大坝附近,距阿尔金主断裂4km,主要由中更新统酒泉砾石和晚更新统戈壁砾石组成。疏勒河冲积扇发育对区域构造活动的响应主要表现为:1)在第四纪早期,阿尔金断裂的左旋走滑兼逆冲运动,导致了由玉门砾岩组成的疏勒河老冲积扇扇头被左旋错动约8km,同时扇体,尤其扇头明显褶皱隆升,扇顶向山外移动;2)此后随着阿尔金断裂继续作左旋走滑兼逆冲运动,老冲积扇扇头又被左旋错动了约2km,总共左旋位移了约10km,并且扇顶下移了约4km,形成新的冲积扇;3)在冲积扇内从早更新世至晚更新世沉积中心不断向下游移动,呈现向下游超覆沉积的特征,这也一定程度上反映了祁连山隆升、向外扩展和侵蚀作用显著