Women in geography in the 21st century. Introductory Remarks: Structure,Agency, and Women Geographers in Academia at the End of the Long Twentieth Century

This paper provides an introduction to the set of articles presented in the focus section Women in Geography in the 21st Century. The paper argues that feminist geographers should view their professional biographies in a structure‐agency context. Such a theoretical perspective views events that are commonly thought to be unique and attributable to individual merit or foible as the outcome instead of interactions between actors and social structures. Creating genuinely equal opportunities in geography departments for women and others who are different from the able‐bodied, middle‐class, white heterosexual male model of “the geographer” depends upon challenges to and transformations of the structures which bear on the discipline, rather than solely upon individual initiative.     

The Environment of Gender and Science: Status and Perspectives of Women and Men in Physical Geography

In 1995 and 1996 we undertook surveys to identify the status, perspectives, and contributions of women and men in physical geography and geosciences/geology, and to study the evolution of our fields. This paper presents the results of the physical geography survey, and considers the following questions: How have academic men and women physical geographers' professional development experiences differed? Do men and women in physical geography emphasize different research areas? Do their research methods differ from one another? Gender differences were identified most strikingly in rank and tenure status, research topics and methodologies, and professional satisfaction. Generational differences by academic rank were identified in professional satisfaction and in pull factors. Minor gender differences were found in dual career couple status, but this status had major effects on career choices and opportunities for both men and women. This paper is part of our larger project aimed at comparing and contrasting geoscience/geology and physical geography, and at including the earth sciences in gender and science studies that have long focused on mathematics, chemistry, biology, and physics.     

“GEOGRAPHY IS TWINNED WITH DIVINITY”: THE LAUDIAN GEOGRAPHY OF PETER HEYLYN

ABSTRACT. This critical history of geography looks to the political concepts that historical actors held and analyzes the incorporation of these concepts into geography. Peter Heylyn, who politicized his geographical books Microcosmus (1621) and, still more, Cosmographie (1657), followed William Laud's characteristic brand of High Church Anglicanism, avowedly hostile both to Roman Catholicism and to Calvinist forms of Protestantism, while upholding an ideal of the Church of England as both independent and apostolic. Further, Laudians were stalwart defendants of monarchy as a divine institution. This Laudian vision of church and state informed Heylyn's geographical works, which goes against a received wisdom that they are divorced from his polemical historical, political, and theological tracts. We thus recover the politics of early modern geography as contemporaries might have understood them.     

中国地理学史上的一次大断裂——兼评《汉书·地理志》

先秦地理学有着考察自然、研究自然的传统,而且在这方面取得了辉煌的成就。汉代及其以后的中国古代地理学基本上丢失了这个传统,始作俑者为东汉班固。西汉董仲舒的“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”,不但排斥或扼杀了其他诸子百家,也摧残了先秦儒家注重自然的传统。班固著《汉书·地理志》,屈从当时的潮流,忽视先秦时期“山川,地理也”的传统,赋予“地理”另一种含义,即以记述疆域、政区的建制置和沿革为主,而把山川等自然知识作为附庸,使以后的中国古代地理学走上侧重地理沿革考证、记述社会历史和社会状况之路,形成内容上以史学地理、经学地理、沿革地理为主体的中国传统地理学。先秦地理学与秦汉地理学之间存在一个大断裂。这个大断裂影响了中国古代地理学取得的成就,并使中国古代地理学无法发展衍生出近代地理学。     

BP网络并行预测地下水位研究

提出了适用于孔隙承压水水源地的BP-遗传元胞自动机方法,这种方法的原理来源于地理元胞自动机的方法框架。把每个水源地作为一个元胞,每个水源地的下一时刻的状态由其本身、周围水源地上一时刻的状态和下一时刻的行为及它们所处的环境条件决定。并用该方法进行了多水源地水位并行预测,效果良好。      

历史地理数据的GIS应用处理——以清时期的陕西为例

基于GIS数据处理技术,对清时期陕西省内的县级政区境界做出数字化建库,并链接历史文献中的县级人口、耕地等专题数据,进行了人口分布与人口密度、耕地分布与垦殖密度等方面的数据分析和制图。     

多彩世界与中国启迪：主要发达国家近期经济地理学教材分析与思考

教材在经济地理学学科发展中具有重要作用。为加强中国经济地理学教材建设,本文选择英国、美国、加拿大、俄罗斯、德国、法国、日本等国近期出版的13本教材,进行内容特点的定性和定量分析。结果表明：(1)所有教材均侧重于经济活动的不同空间维度分析,较少考虑经济活动与自然地理环境条件的关系;但近期显示出对能源和矿产资源利用、绿色发展问题的部分关注。(2)对学科理论和实际问题的权衡差别较大,除少数（4部）教材理论分析内容占重要地位外,多数（9部）以对近期世界和相关国家出现的重大且空间性明显的实际问题分析为主,同时注重其理论的解释。(3)面向英语国家使用的教材较多关注世界性问题和国际上代表性理论观点,其他教材在理论和实际问题分析中,注意突出本国经济地理学特色：俄罗斯经济地理学已转向社会经济地理学,德国在承继规范研究传统基础上突出关系经济地理学,法国关注世界经济地理多样性,日本关注城镇和乡村社区经济地理研究。受此启迪,中国特色经济地理学教材建设中,应注重把握中国经济地理学发展的背景特色和研究成果特色,坚持经济地理学的地理性,突出特殊政府体制下和特殊文化积淀下的经济地理机制,突出大国经济空间格局规律和经济...     

东非国家小城镇形成与发展的潜力——基于最大熵模型分析

21世纪以来,小城镇已成为东非快速城市化的重点区域。论文对坦桑尼亚、乌干达2个东非典型国家的城市进行了等级划分与数量统计,确定以10万人以下的城镇、小城市为研究对象。选取7个自然环境变量与6个社会经济变量,结合城市数据,构建最大熵模型。利用模型得到的平均生境适宜性指数(HSI)判别小城镇形成适宜度、划分潜力区,并与人口密度进行对比分析。研究发现：(1)距区域性主要交通干线距离、距全国性主要交通干线距离、归一化植被指数(NDVI)与距大城市距离对两国城镇、小城市的贡献率均较高;不同国家不同规模城市有其特有的高贡献率变量。(2)随城市规模增大,交通干线贡献率下降,自然环境变量贡献率上升。(3)坦桑尼亚北部HSI值整体高于南部,HSI高值区城镇呈团块状,小城市呈条带状。乌干达全境HSI较低,HSI高值区城镇以坎帕拉为起点呈放射网状,小城市为碎片状。两国HSI高值区基本位于路网、河流湖泊附近。(4)坦桑尼亚人口密度普遍小于乌干达,潜力区总面积则大于乌干达。潜力区与人口密度关系主要分为3种：比周边人口密度大,为历史悠久、经济实力强、靠近大中城市地区;与周边人口密度相近,为快速发展中的地区;比周边...     

Land consolidation: An indispensable way of spatial restructuring in rural China1简

The implementation of new type industrialization and urbanization and agricultural modernization strategies lacks of a major hand grip and spatial supporting platform, due to long-term existed ＂dual-track＂ structure of rural-urban development in China as well as un- stable rural development institution and mechanism. It is necessary to restructure rural pro- duction, living and ecological space by carrying out land consolidation, so as to establish a new platform for building new countryside and realizing urban-rural integration development in China. This paper develops the concept and connotation of rural spatial restructuring. Basing on the effects analysis of industrialization and urbanization on rural production, living and ecological space, the mechanism of pushing forward rural spatial restructuring by carry- ing out land consolidation is probed. A conceptualization of the models of rural production, living and ecological spatial restructuring is analyzed combining with agricultural land con- solidation, hollowed villages consolidation and industrial and mining land consolidation. Fi- nally, the author argues that a ＂bottom-up＂ restructuring strategy accompanied by a few ＂top-down＂ elements is helpful for smoothly pushing forward rural spatial restructuring in China. In addition, the optimization and restructuring of rural production, living and ecological space will rely on the innovations of regional engineering technology, policy and mechanism, and mode of rural land consolidation, and more attentions should be paid to rural space, the foundation base and platform for realizing urban-rural integration development.     

土地整治:中国乡村空间重构的必由之路(英文)

The implementation of new type industrialization and urbanization and agricultural modernization strategies lacks of a major hand grip and spatial supporting platform, due to long-term existed "dual-track" structure of rural-urban development in China as well as unstable rural development institution and mechanism. It is necessary to restructure rural production, living and ecological space by carrying out land consolidation, so as to establish a new platform for building new countryside and realizing urban-rural integration development in China. This paper develops the concept and connotation of rural spatial restructuring. Basing on the effects analysis of industrialization and urbanization on rural production, living and ecological space, the mechanism of pushing forward rural spatial restructuring by carrying out land consolidation is probed. A conceptualization of the models of rural production, living and ecological spatial restructuring is analyzed combining with agricultural land consolidation, hollowed villages consolidation and industrial and mining land consolidation. Finally, the author argues that a "bottom-up" restructuring strategy accompanied by a few "top-down" elements is helpful for smoothly pushing forward rural spatial restructuring in China. In addition, the optimization and restructuring of rural production, living and ecological space will rely on the innovations of regional engineering technology, policy and mechanism, and mode of rural land consolidation, and more attentions should be paid to rural space, the foundation base and platform for realizing urban-rural integration development.