AIDS NORTH AND SOUTH: DIFFUSION PATTERNS OF A GLOBAL EPIDEMIC AND A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR GEOGRAPHERS *

Apart from the tragic certainty of death which accompanies AIDS everywhere, the means of its transmission, the spatial patterns of its diffusion, and the groups at highest risk of infection vary considerably among world regions. This paper reviews the disease and its transmission, then proposes three models of AIDS diffusion to assess the implications of the epidemic on various regions. AIDS North, of North America and western Europe, is urban based and primarily confined to homosexuals and IV drug abusers. AIDS South, in central Africa and the Caribbean, is spreading from cities into rural regions and affects primarily heterosexuals. The third, an AIDS North/South hybrid, is postulated as a model of diffusion of the disease in other Third World regions. The final section addresses the potential contribution of geographic research to policy-makers in attempting to cope with the diffusion of AIDS and in curbing the epidemic's advance.     

ENHANCING AND USING A SENSE OF PLACE WITHIN URBAN AREAS: A ROLE FOR APPLIED CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Basic concepts of cultural historical geography have been applied to a variety of community issues in St. Paul, MN. Through the process a sense of place has been developed at several scales. This inclusive sense of place has provided a link among various factions and made possible several compromises in land use and economic development issues. Most of the work was done through undergraduate field seminars.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn     

理论地理学的内涵认知

本文从理论地理学的科学地位出发,介绍了近代理论地理学发展过程中形成的一些主要观点和其所具备的特点,最后对理论地理学的基本内容进行了归纳。     

打工文学中的城市空间书写 ——基于索亚“第三空间”的分析

改革开放以来,在国家与资本的双重作用下,流动于农村与城市的打工一族开始出现。打工文学作为打工者发声的平台,不仅反映了打工者观照城市的方式,也体现出城市中不同主体对打工者的规训。文章以打工文学为分析内容与工具,以索亚的“第三空间”为分析理论,从身体、厂区、城市三种空间层次出发,探讨了外来工在城市生活中的空间体验。研究发现,外来工的生活空间充满了“第三空间”的特征,是一个被资本与权力的话语操控的空间,体现为外来工“我者-他者”“压迫-抵抗”“核心-边缘”的多元体验。这一城市空间体验也促进了打工者群体主体性的建构。     

区域一体化研究综述：尺度、联系与边界

区域一体化是当今世界最具活力的经济现象之一,它是一个多维度的空间现象,也是一个多学科参与的科学问题。地理学独特的尺度、联系和边界视角对于理解区域一体化是如何改变世界经济格局及其对国家和区域发展的影响有重要意义。文章梳理了区域一体化理论和发展,以尺度、联系和边界的分析视角重新审视了快速发展的区域一体化进程,阐述了区域一体化的网络化特征和多维联系,重新定义了区域一体化中的多重边界,并从“全球―地方”联系的角度对区域一体化进程下有关区域和地方发展的研究进行了综述。区域一体化的实践表现出越来越多的网络特征,形成了以国家权力和关系为导向,涵盖多维度邻近的立体网络空间;区域一体化的边界效应重塑了全球经济格局,同时传统的领土边界依然重要;区域一体化的制度安排深刻影响了一国边境地区的发展和经济地理格局。最后,针对区域一体化,从尺度建构、内部联系、边界效应和多元分析框架等角度指出了亟待学界解决的一些问题,并展望了未来的研究趋势。     

2006―2016年粤港澳大湾区城市不透水面 时空变化与驱动力分析

以遥感和地理信息系统技术为支撑,从城市地理学视角对粤港澳大湾区城市不透水面的时空变化状况进行分析,并探讨了不透水面变化的驱动力。结果表明：1）湾区内城市不透水面扩张现象明显,面积从2006年的12 127.69 km2增加到2016年的20 188.87 km2,年均增长速度高达6.65%;2）区域内城市不透水面空间分布越来越集中,呈现高密度区域聚集;3）交通道路（省道及以上级别）与城市不透水面扩张的速度和方向关系密切,其中与国道的关系最为紧密;4）国民生产总值（GDP）和常住人口的增长都对城市不透水面的扩张产生深刻的正向影响,相关系数分别为0.840 7和0.834 1;5）近10年来,粤港澳大湾区城市不透水面的空间格局变化显著,湾区各城市的发展阶段存在差异性,在未来城市发展中应该协调好各城市不透水面的扩张范围和速度,避免过高不透水面带来生态环境问题。     

青年科学基金助推地理学研究创新与综合

本文以国家自然科学基金委员会地理学科1987-2016年青年科学基金资助项目为研究对象,采用文献计量分析方法,从地理学科的4个分支学科：自然地理、人文地理、地理信息、环境地理出发,通过分析关键词词频在不同时段的变化特点、与同时期面上项目申请书关键词词频进行对比等方法,追寻不同分支学科青年科学基金的研究特点,分析各分支学科的青年科学基金选题的演变规律。以此为依据,筛选了7个有代表性的关键词,分析这些关键词所代表前沿研究方向,和青年科学基金选题变化情况,并根据后续资助情况分析学科发展过程中青年人才梯队的成长过程,追寻青年科学基金在地理学科发展和人才培养中的作用。研究表明,自1987年以来,青年科学基金选题一直处于地球表层自然环境和人文经济的格局与过程研究的最前沿,技术创新是青年科学基金最主要的源动力,研究不断向定量化发展;青年科学基金的研究选题也逐渐拓展,走向综合;同时持续推动地理学科研队伍的成长。对于地理科学的技术和理论创新的助推作用显著。     

城市自然地理学的理论、实践和发展

在全球快速城市化背景下,城市成为经济高速发展、人类活动高度集中、人地相互作用最强烈的区域,人工环境下“第二自然格局”的形成以及剧烈的城市土地利用/覆被变化效应使得城市自然地理学在城市复杂系统的研究中具有重要的理论和应用价值。本文通过对城市自然地理学的缘起、学科发展的综合分析,从学科理论体系、研究内容以及前沿发展领域等方面进行了论述,以期丰富和深化城市自然地理学研究内容,并进一步推动城市自然地理学的研究和发展。未来,城市自然地理学的研究应从以下方面开展：①关注基础理论研究,深化学科理论体系;②发展多学科的交叉视角,深化城市地表系统多要素变化研究;③聚焦城市自然—人文复杂系统,揭示自然和人文多要素间耦合机理及驱动机制;④拓宽城市服务应用领域的研究,提供城市可持续发展的多目标决策。     

Spatial mining of migration patterns from web demographics

Volunteered Geographic Information, social media, and data from Information and Communication Technology are emerging sources of big data that contribute to the development and understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of human population. However, the inherent anonymity of these crowd-sourced or crowd-harvested data sources lack the socioeconomic and demographic attributes to examine and explain human mobility and spatiotemporal patterns. In this paper, we investigate an Internet-based demographic data source, personal microdata databases publicly accessible on the World Wide Web (hereafter web demographics), as potential sources of aspatial and spatiotemporal information regarding the landscape of human dynamics. The objectives of this paper are twofold: (1) to develop an analytical framework to identify mobile population from web demographics as an individual-level residential history data, and (2) to explore their geographic and demographic patterns of migration. Using web demographics of Vietnamese–Americans in Texas collected in 2010 as a case study, this paper (1) addresses entity resolution and identifies mobile population through the application of a Cost-Sensitive Alternative Decision Tree (CS-ADT) algorithm, (2) investigates migration pathways and clusters to include both short- and long-distance patterns, and (3) analyze the demographic characteristics of mobile population and the functional relationship with travel distance. By linking the physical space at the individual level, this unique methodology attempts to enhance the understanding of human movement at multiple spatial scales.