洛杉矶学派及其对人文地理学的影响

对洛杉矶学派的缘起、背景、学术观点进行了系统的介绍,并对其在人文地理学多个分支学科产生的影响进行了梳理和分析。洛杉矶学派的学术思想建立在索亚提出的社会-空间辩证理论基础之上,认为在同一生产方式下,社会和空间是相互影响的。危机与重构是社会-空间辩证关系在城市区域发展现实中的投射。洛杉矶学派以洛杉矶大都市区的发展为蓝本,生动地诠释了社会空间的辩证思想以及危机、重构在现实中的体现,认为洛杉矶大都市区是向后现代城市发展转型的典型案例。洛杉矶学派的观点对人文地理学具有重要的影响,丰富了"人地关系"的内涵,提出了弹性生产下的新产业空间的概念,指出多中心结构是未来城市区域的发展方向,倡导空间上的社会正义,对经济地理、城市地理和社会地理的研究都起到了积极的推动作用。     

应用毒性淋溶提取法评价天津市某工业用地及周围农田土壤中重金属生态风险

毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)是美国法定的一种生态环境风险评价方法,通过提取土壤中的重金属有效态判断土壤重金属污染状况和评估污染区域生态风险。本文应用TCLP法提取天津市某工业园区内及周围农田土壤中的有效态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和原子吸收光谱法分别测定重金属全量和有效态,结合单项污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价了重金属生态风险。结果表明:研究区Zn是首要污染物,主要来源于镀锌厂、金属制品厂和电镀厂,其次是Pb和Cu污染,Cd无污染;Pb、Zn可能具有同源性或伴生关系;大部分土壤处于安全水平,重金属污染率不到30%,但农田土壤出现了Zn的轻度污染。重金属全量是影响重金属有效态含量较大的因素,当Zn全量大于环境质量标准限值(300 mg/kg),Pb全量大于80mg/kg时,有效态Zn、Pb与其全量均呈正相关。因此,可以使用TCLP法将土壤重金属全量与有效态进行量化评价重金属生态风险。     

中国经济高质量发展的空间关联网络及其作用机制

高质量发展是中国“十四五”乃至更长时期经济社会发展的主题,也是适应社会主要矛盾变化的基本要求,更是建设社会主义现代化国家的关键路径和遵循经济实践规律的根本所在。本文从创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享5个维度构建经济高质量发展的评价指标体系,测度了2011—2018年中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）的经济高质量发展水平,在此基础上运用社会网络分析（SNA）和二次指派程序（QAP）分别对经济高质量发展的关联网络结构特征和经济高质量发展差异的作用机制进行分析。研究发现：① 空间关联网络的关联度一直为1,且网络密度稳定在0.2~0.26之间,省际经济高质量发展的空间关联网络通达性较强且存在多重叠加现象和一定的等级性,但关联紧密程度有待提高,各网络指标保持相对稳定。② 省际经济高质量发展的空间关联网络可以分为4个板块,其中以西部省份为主的“净溢出”板块获益最小;以中部省份为主的“经纪人”板块起着“中介”和“桥梁”的作用;以环渤海省份为主的“双向溢出”板块和以长三角、东南沿海省份为主的“净受益”板块在空间关联网络中的掌控和支配作用更大,且在全国经济高质量发展过程中所起的极化作用大于涓滴作用。③ 人力资本、城市化水平、金融科技和环境质量的地区差异都会直接造成地区间经济高质量发展水平的差异,人力资本差异对其贡献超过了90%。     

The Regensburg Model: reference values for the (I)NDCs based on converging per capita emissions†

A core question still remains after the Paris Agreement: who receives how much of the remaining CO₂ budget (resource/burden/effort sharing), so that the increase in the global average temperature is kept to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels? If converging per capita emissions serve as a possible answer to this question, the discussion focuses primarily on the approach ‘Contraction and Convergence’ (C&C). The Regensburg Model now offers a further option for the mathematical implementation of converging per capita emissions. The authors identify features common to C&C and differences from C&C. They show that, of the convergence models they examined, the Regensburg Model is the most favourable option for industrialized countries.

Policy relevance

In politics, the concept of converging per capita emissions is often accepted at the abstract level. Civil society in particular can then take politicians at their word wherever they take values calculated using the Regensburg Model as points of reference; then prosperous developed countries in particular whose nationally determined contributions do not come up even to these reference values will find it difficult to justify their contributions.     

Climate change mitigation on tropical peatlands: A triple burden for smallholder farmers in Indonesia

The agricultural use and conversion of tropical peatlands is considered a major source of land-based greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the protection and restoration of tropical peatlands has recently turned into an important strategy to mitigate global climate change. Little research exists that has investigated the impacts and dynamics that such climate mitigation efforts evoke in local communities living in and around peatlands. We present insights on this from Sumatra, Indonesia and use a climate justice lens to evaluate local outcomes. We show how an increasingly transnational network of state and non-state actors has become involved in developing new laws, policy programs and land-use agreements on Sumatra’s coastal peatlands, aiming at supposedly win–win low-carbon development pathways. We argue that such efforts are open to much of the same criticism that has been raised regarding previous policies and projects aimed at reducing GHGE from deforestation and forest degradation. These projects disregard local perspectives on development, fail to deliver the promised benefits and, through a reconfiguration of local land-use rights, reduce the capabilities of smallholder farmers to benefit from their land. In sum, our analysis suggests that recent policies and projects aimed at mitigating GHGE from tropical peatlands contribute to a redistribution of the global climate mitigation burden onto smallholder farmers in Indonesia. This occurs through their threefold assignment to protect forests, prevent fires and help restore degraded peatlands.     

The distribution of capital forms between cities and suburbs and their impact on social justice in space

Questions of justice have been raised in recent years when contending with the social costs of urban sprawl. But this field of inquiry suffers from the difficulty of translating the abstract notion of justice into measurable spatial indices. The aim of this paper is to empirically measure the liberal notion of justice in the metropolitan region of Tel Aviv by adopting Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of three forms of capital. Under this theory, the formation of economic, cultural, and social capital in the individual’s living environment determines the person’s exposure to different sets of life-chances (i.e., capabilities), thus influencing equality of opportunity (i.e., social justice) in space. The analysis reveals that suburban inhabitants benefit from a larger accumulation of the three forms of capital than do urban inhabitants. Accumulation of these capitals has a positive effect on exposure to life-chances, thus enhancing spatial segregation between cities and suburbs.     

A Review of “Hazards,Vulnerability, and Environmental Justice”

A relatively simple modeling approach for estimating spatially distributed surface energy fluxes was applied to two small watersheds, one in a semi-arid climate region and one in a sub-humid region. This approach utilized a combination of ground-based meteorological data and remotely sensed data to estimate ‘instantaneous’ surface energy fluxes at the time of the satellite or aircraft overpasses. The spatial resolution in the watershed grid cells, which was on the order of 100-400 km, was selected to be compatible with ground measurements used for validation. The model estimates of surface energy fluxes compared well with ground-based measurements of surface flux (typically within approximately 40 Wm^?2). The model accuracy may be slightly less for bare soil surfaces due to an overestimation of the soil heat flux. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of computing spatially distributed values of surface energy fluxes, these maps were used to qualitatively infer the dominant factors controlling the energy fluxes for the time period shortly following precipitation events in the basins. For the semi-arid watershed, values of sensible heat flux varied considerably over the watershed and displayed a pattern very similar to that of the spatially variable cumulative precipitation for at least one to eight days prior to the image acquisition. Due to the large fraction of exposed bare soil in a semi-arid ecosystem, even very small precipitation events had a strong influence on the pattern of sensible heat fluxes observed shortly after the event (less than 24 hours). For the sub-humid watershed, the fluxes tended to be more uniform across the watershed, and were influenced by a combination of precipitation total and land cover type.     

A Review of “Spatial and Environmental Injustice in an American Metropolis: A Study of Tampa Bay,Florida”

The North Carolina Hispanic population has grown at a rapid pace in recent years. Before 1980, the majority of Hispanics in North Carolina were engaged primarily in migrant agricultural work. Hispanics who are part of the new influx are arriving in urban areas and are working at nonagricultural pursuits. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggest that Hispanic newcomers come from other U.S. jurisdictions and from abroad. Labor migration occurs in response to demand for labor, and labor demand is meditated by employers’ preferences and hiring practices. However, focusing solely on employer demand for labor ignores the role of past U.S. immigration policy and the large growth in services employment in the Sunbelt that have fueled the Hispanic in–migration. This research project explored the attitudes and recruiting behavior of employers in the Triangle region of North Carolina. A newspaper content analysis was undertaken, and interviews were conducted with selected intermediaries and a group of employers. Qualitative analysis of the data collected revealed that these employers utilize the social networks of their immigrant Hispanic employees to recruit new workers. They also use a variety of other recruiting methods to recruit Hispanics both locally and from abroad. If this practice is widespread, it may be fueling the influx of Hispanic immigrants to North Carolina. Employers interviewed extolled the work ethic of Hispanic workers and often bypassed native–born workers, whom they felt were inferior employees. These findings have ramifications for future immigration policy and for the success of welfare–to–work programs. Employer demand for labor is one factor that must be considered when formulating new immigration policy.     

A Review of “Pesticide Drift and the Pursuit of Environmental Justice”

Measured by growing student numbers and new programs, master's education is one of the most dynamic areas of U.S. higher education. We focus here on the current state of programs that award the master's as their highest degree, so-called master's only departments, a distinct institutional type in the United States, which has received little research attention. Focusing on sixty-four geography programs, considerable differences are apparent in terms of size (both student and faculty numbers), mission, and curriculum; this includes a number of new programs and hybrid degrees that have recently been developed. The findings raise questions about levels of program staffing, program structure, student recruiting, and overall program quality and viability. Given the changing nature of master's education, further attention should be focused on helping universities create, strengthen, and expand such programs in the future.