巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床含矿砂岩成岩作用类型、演化序列及其对铀成矿的约束

勘查和研究发现部分砂岩型铀矿床中不仅有表生氧化流体作用还存在深部流体的参与,这类砂岩型铀矿床蚀变类型多样且成因复杂.塔木素砂岩型铀矿表生流体和深部流体活动都很明显,砂岩普遍固结且后生蚀变类型独特,因此,恢复成岩成矿事件及其演化过程,对揭示铀沉淀富集机理至关重要.本文通过镜下鉴定、电子探针、扫描电镜分析等,系统研究了塔木素矿床含矿砂岩成岩作用特征与后生蚀变矿物生成序列,重塑了成岩成矿事件的演化过程.研究结果显示,塔木素矿床砂岩中压实作用较弱而胶结作用很强,重结晶作用普遍,是造成目的层致密的主要原因,赤铁矿、褐铁矿化、碳酸盐化、石膏化是该地区主要的胶结类型.将该地区的成岩演化划分为沉积-早成岩阶段、早期氧化流体作用阶段、热流体改造阶段和晚期氧化流体弱改造阶段.成岩环境由弱碱性向酸性环境转变的过程中的氧化还原过渡部位是造成铀沉淀的关键,大规模的氧化作用是矿床形成的基础,后期热流体活动对早期形成的低品位铀矿石进行叠加改造,是成矿的关键环节.     

水源热泵井回灌堵塞颗粒迁移模型的建立

以地下水源热泵井回灌中的物理堵塞问题作为研究背景,建立基于质量平衡方程来模拟多孔介质中颗粒的迁移方程和颗粒的沉积造成孔隙损伤的数学模型。该模型充分考虑了颗粒流动速度修正系数、孔隙率修正系数以及颗粒在孔隙里发生捕获率3个因素;模型的建立考虑孔隙率变化的情况,在物质的迁移和堵塞的过程中,孔隙率的变化往往也是个动态的变化过程;与传统的过滤模型相比,考虑了速度折减系数和流量折减系数后新建模型更加系统、全面。该模型为解决回灌井物理堵塞的室内外试验研究提供理论依据。     

非饱和黄土土-水特征曲线与渗透系数Childs & Collis-Geroge模型预测

我国黄土厚度大,黄土地区地下水位深,降雨量少,黄土多处于非饱和状态,土-水特征曲线是非饱和黄土应力状态、强度及渗透性研究的基础。以陇东高原马兰黄土为试验对象,采用张力计法测定原状土样的土-水特征曲线,采用三种理论模型对试验数据拟合,其中Gardner模型简单、参数少,但Fredlund & Xing模型拟合效果最好。基于已测得的土-水特征曲线,采用Childs & Collis-Geroge预测非饱和渗透系数的模型,计算得到非饱和黄土渗透系数与基质吸力或含水率的关系,发现黄土从饱和到非饱和,其渗透系数急剧降低,黄土非饱和渗透系数与基质吸力或体积含水率的关系均可用指数函数表示。本文对典型黄土土-水特征曲线的研究及渗透性的预测为黄土工程问题,如降雨入渗的边坡稳定性评价、非饱和地基湿陷变形计算等提供理论基础。     

Granulometric and chemical composition of the Sava River sediments upstream and downstream of the Krsko nuclear power plant

Total concentrations of 13 elements (K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Pb) in the size-fractionated Sava River sediments upstream and downstream of the Krsko nuclear power plant together with metal speciation within bulk sediment have been investigated. Trace metals generally increase with decreasing particle size, however, because of entrapment of organic matter in the 0.63–1 mm fraction, concentrations in the coarser sediment fraction are higher than expected. Exchangeable Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr and Fe are generally found to represent a negligible fraction of the total metal concentration of the bulk sediment. Seasonal variations of the Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations in the <0.5 mm fraction reflect decreased values during the spring period. Heavy metal concentrations in the 2003 waste water discharges from the Krsko nuclear power plant released into the Sava River were much lower than their maximum allowed values. Combined rubidium and organic matter normalization of the Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations, which was applied on the minus 0.063 mm fraction, indicated three potential sources of contaminants.     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITES AND ITS STRUCTURAL GENETIC ENVIRONMENT IN THE NANDAN-HECHI METALLOGENETIC BELT, NORTHWEST GUANGXI

The Nandan-Hechi metallogenetic belt is the most important tin-polymetallic producing district in China, and is the location of the Dachang super-large tin deposit. Based on the detailed field investigation and isotopic data, the stages of magmatic activity in the Nandan-Hechi metallogenetic belt have been lined out in this paper. Through the study about the geochemical characteristics of different granites, and by using ω(Al2O3)-ω(SiO2), ω(TFeO)/[ω(TFeO) ω(MgO)]-ω(SiO2), AFM, ACF and Rb-Yb Ta, Rb-Y Nb,Ta-Yb, Nb-Y discrimination diagrams in combination with regional geological setting analysis, the authors carried out analyses about the structural environment for the formation of the granites, and discussed the structural environment and dynamic setting for the large scale mineralization in this area. Our study indicates that the majority of the granites in Nandan-Hechi metallogenetic belt belong to the POG type,while the later stage alaskite belongs to the RRG CEUG type. The granites were formed at the stage of structural transformation from postorogenic phase to intraplate setting. But the major structural environment is characterized by steady regional extension. The formation age for the granites coincides with the time for this transformation, and this translation environment is favored for large-scale metallogenesis.     

中国海相克拉通盆地内部走滑断裂发育特征及控藏作用

走滑断控油气藏作为一种全新类型油气藏,其勘探潜力已初步显现。在对中国三大海相克拉通盆地内部走滑断裂发育特征与控藏作用开展对比分析的基础上,揭示了塔里木盆地、四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地内部走滑断裂空间结构与活动特征的相似性与差异性,并结合盆地动力学演化特征探讨了不同盆地内部走滑断裂成因机制,系统分析了三大盆地内部走滑断裂的控藏作用:(1)中国三大海相克拉通盆地内部均发育中小尺度滑移距走滑断裂,普遍具有“纵向分层,平面分段,垂向多期叠加”的空间结构特征。(2)三大克拉通盆地内部走滑断裂体系具有成因、分布和期次的差异性。塔里木盆地内部走滑断裂体系形成时间早,演化时间长,在盆地北部具有“南北对接,东西分区”特征;鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘受燕山期(侏罗纪—白垩纪)陆内挤压影响,形成了北西西向走滑断裂体系;四川盆地受控于二叠纪峨眉山大地幔柱影响,在盆地内部先存基底断裂基础上,形成了北西向、北西西向、近东西向张扭型走滑断裂。(3)中国三大海相克拉通盆地内部走滑断裂对油气成藏和富集具有重要的控制作用。在控储方面,受断裂-流体耦合改造控制,可形成断控缝洞型储集体、断-溶缝洞型或断控裂缝-孔隙型储集体;在控圈方面,在碳酸盐岩地层中可形成断控缝洞型、断溶缝洞型岩性圈闭;在控运方面,走滑断裂产状高陡,可直接沟通烃源岩和储层,构成重要的油气垂向输导体系。     

生态地质环境承载力研究进展

生态地质环境从生态地质学和环境地质学发展而来,由地质环境、生态环境和社会经济环境三个子系统构成一个有机整体,它与环境类承载力结合形成生态地质环境承载力,表征环境能够承受的人类活动阈限。国内的生态地质环境承载力研究分为2000年以前的准备阶段、2000-2010年探索前进阶段、2011年至今的稳定发展阶段,国家重大方针政策实施和重大生态地质环境事件影响了承载力的研究方向。生态地质环境子系统和系统的承载力发展程度存在差异,生态环境承载力研究较多、地质环境承载力研究次之、社会经济环境承载力研究相对较少,系统承载力研究处于不断整合之中。已有研究在学科交叉融合、耦合机制、模拟预测模型集成和国家重大需求服务响应等方面存在不足。未来生态地质环境承载力研究应坚持系统观,统合子系统和系统两个尺度,从拓展学科纵深关联、深化多维耦合机制、发展集成模拟预测模型、面向国家与社会需求等方面将研究推向新高度。     

沉积特征对低品位钾矿水溶开采的影响——以柴达木盆地马海盐湖北部矿段全新统为例

马海盐湖是柴达木盆地全新世形成的富低品位固体钾盐矿干盐湖,钾盐水溶开采潜力巨大。本文采用岩矿鉴定方法,对含盐系地层的沉积韵律岩性、钾盐矿物与矿层分布特征进行了研究,并分析了地层岩性的分布规律。结果表明,在马海盐湖北部矿区的主要沉积中心,沉积了一套以粘土-粉砂-石盐-粉砂石盐为主的沉积地层,同时在东南部形成了一个次级沉积中心;研究区钾盐矿物主要为杂卤石、光卤石、钾石盐等;沉积韵律分析结果显示,钾盐矿层多分布在Ⅳ₂韵律层顶部和Ⅳ₃-Ⅳ₄韵律层,产出形态在垂向上为层状、透镜状,平面上呈NE-SW向展布且连续性减弱;钾盐矿物和矿层分布与沉积演化关系密切,表明沉积特征对研究区钾盐矿水溶开采具有重要影响,为同类型低品位钾盐矿开采提供了一些参考。     

Water balance in the playa-lakes of an arid environment,Monegros, NE Spain

The playa-lakes of the Monegros desert in north-east Spain are saline wetlands in an arid environment, a rare phenomenon in Europe. These extremely valuable habitats are threatened by changes associated with agricultural expansion and incorporation of new irrigated areas. An understanding of the present hydrologic regime will enable changes to be identified, particularly those brought about by flooding and pollution caused by irrigation surplus. This study sets out to show the results of applying a daily water balance in three selected playa-lakes. The balance was in two parts and consisted of: (1) the average balance for all the endorheic basin using the BALAN_11 program, and (2) the water balance in some playa-lakes, applying discharge flows obtained from the previous balance. The resulting volumes of water were converted to water depths and contrasted with reference volumes taken from field and Landsat images. The model was calibrated by applying various hypotheses of function which enabled the results to be adjusted. The proposed balance is an acceptable reproduction of field water measurements during this period, and underlines the consistency of the conceptual model. The methodology used is appropriate for understanding the playa-lakes function and for monitoring them for conservation purposes.