免像控无人机航测技术在舟曲县立节北山滑坡-泥石流灾害应急处置中的应用

近年来,无人机航测技术在地质灾害防治领域广泛应用,特别是在突发性地质灾害应急处置中优势显著。免像控无人机航测技术能够快速获取测绘数据,跟传统航测方法相比,极大的节约了时间和人力成本。文中利用大疆精灵Phantom 4 RTK无人机,对甘肃省舟曲县立节北山滑坡-泥石流灾害进行免像控航测数据获取和处理。根据航测成果快速获取了滑坡形态特征、泥石流沟道特征等相关参数, 分析了滑坡变形迹象,并应用实地测量数据进行免像控航测精度评价分析。研究结果表明:滑坡形态特征、泥石流沟道特征、变形迹象均与实地相符,检核点精度满足《低空数字航空摄影测量内业规范》（GH/Z 3003—2010）数据生产规范,成果数据可用于灾害体变形特征分析、几何参数快速提取,辅助分析评估险情、灾情。对突发性地质灾害应急处置中无人机测绘数据的快速获取工作具有一定的借鉴意义。     

安徽休宁桃溪铅锌矿地质、物化探特征及其找矿潜力

桃溪地区位于安徽省休宁县—歙县金多金属矿整装勘查区中部,具有良好的金多金属矿成矿地质条件。通过专项地质填图发现,桃溪铅锌矿受近EW走向多期活动叠加的断裂控制,其中第3期高角度张性正断层与成矿作用关系密切;矿化体多为脉状,含矿热液于密集裂隙带充填而成。土壤化探圈定有AP18综合异常,呈长轴近EW走向的长条椭圆状,受上述断裂控制,该异常面积2.6 km^2,由Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn多元素套合。高精度磁法测量圈定有M2和M3异常,与化探异常相吻合;激电中梯和激电测深测量结果进一步反映了异常的真实性,并剖析了极化体的深部特征。通过桃溪地区地质及物化探特征的综合分析,认为该地区具有多金属矿勘查的潜力。     

A Comparison of In Situ Analytical Methods for Trace Element Measurement in Gold Samples from Various South African Gold Deposits

Trace element concentrations in gold grains from various geological units in South Africa were measured in situ by field emission‐electron probe microanalysis (FE‐EPMA), laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) and synchrotron micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR‐μ‐XRF). This study assesses the accuracy, precision and detection limits of these mostly non‐destructive analytical methods using certified reference materials and discusses their application in natural sample measurement. FE‐EPMA point analyses yielded reproducible and discernible concentrations for Au and trace concentrations of S, Cu, Ti, Hg, Fe and Ni, with detection limits well below the actual concentrations in the gold. LA‐ICP‐MS analyses required larger gold particles (> 60 μm) to avoid contamination during measurement. Elements that measured above detection limits included Ag, Cu, Ti, Fe, Pt, Pd, Mn, Cr, Ni, Sn, Hg, Pb, As and Te, which can be used for geochemical characterisation and gold fingerprinting. Although LA‐ICP‐MS measurements had lower detection limits, precision was lower than FE‐EPMA and SR‐μ‐XRF. The higher variability in absolute values measured by LA‐ICP‐MS, possibly due to micro‐inclusions, had to be critically assessed. Non‐destructive point analyses of gold alloys by SR‐μ‐XRF revealed Ag, Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb, Ti, Sb, U, Cr, Co, As, Y and Zr in the various gold samples. Detection limits were mostly lower than those for elements measured by FE‐EPMA, but higher than those for elements measured by LA‐ICP‐MS.     

车载激光扫描系统在建筑立面测量中的应用

针对大场景建筑物外立面测量工作量大、效率低的问题,将车载激光扫描系统应用到建筑物立面测量中,提出了一种建筑物立面测量的技术方案,包括针对立面图测绘的车载激光扫描系统的外业数据采集方案设计、内业数据预处理方法、立面图编辑成图以及建筑物立面测量精度评定,并通过实验验证了此技术方案的可行性与高效性.本研究,得到了车载激光扫描...     

发展中的现代农业园区用地思路与对策探讨

发展农业园区是提高农地经济收益的有效途径,也是保护耕地的一项重要手段.我国的农业园区处于起步阶段,园区性质、用地方向、用地结构、经营范围等都有待规范.针对这一现象,从我国园区发展的现状和存在的问题出发,提出了解决农业园区用地的基本思路,构建了园区用地的体系,同时在确定土地经营的性质,规定其发展模式、方向和土地经营的收益分配原则方面进行了探讨,并从法律法规的完善、园区规划的审批、规划执行、经营过程中的监管以及耕地保护的激励措施等方面提出了相应的对策措施.     

Land Use Changes in Himalaya and Their Impacts on Environment, Society and Economy： A Study of the Lake Region in Kumaon Himalaya India

The traditional resource use structure in Himalaya has transformed considerably during the recent past, mainly owing to the growth of population and the resultant increased demand of natural resources in the region. This transformation in resource use practices is particularly significant in the densely populated tracts of Himalaya. As a result, cultivated land, forests, pastures and rangelands have been deteriorated and depleted steadily and significantly leading to their conversion into degraded and non-productive lands. These rapid land use changes have not only disrupted the fragile ecological equilibrium in the mountains through indiscriminate deforestation, degradation of land resources and disruption of the hydrological cycle, but also have significant and irreversible adverse impacts on the rural economy, society, livelihood and life quality of mountain communities. It has been observed that the agricultural production has declined, water sources are drying up fast due to decreased ground water recharge and a large number of villages are facing enormous deficit of critical resources, such as food, fodder, firewood and water, mainly due to unabated deforestation. As a result, the rural people, particularly the women, have to travel considerably long distances to collect fodder and firewood and to fetching water. It is therefore highly imperative to evolve a comprehensive and integrated land use framework for the conservation of the biophysical environment and sustainable development of natural resources in Himalaya. The land use policy would help local communities in making use of their natural resources scientifically and judiciously, and thus help in the conservation of the biophysical environment and in the increasing of the productivity of natural resources. The study indicates that conservation of forests and other critical natural resources through community participation, generation of alternative means of livelihood, and employment in rural areas can help increase rural income as well as restore ec     

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agro-Ecosystems and Their Contribution to Environmental Change in the Indus Basin of Pakistan

There is growing concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have been responsible for global warming through their effect on radiation balance and temperature. The magnitude of emissions and the relative importance of different sources vary widely, regionally and locally. The Indus Basin of Pakistan is the food basket of the country and agricultural activities are vulnerable to the effects of global warming due to accelerated emissions of GHGs. Many developments have taken place in the agricultural sector of Pakistan in recent decades in the background of the changing role of the government and the encouragement of the private sector for investment in new ventures. These interventions have considerable GHG emission potential. Unfortunately, no published information is currently available on GHG concentrations in the Indus Basin to assess their magnitude and emission trends. The present study is an attempt to estimate GHG （CO2, CH4 and N2O） emissions arising from different agro-ecosystems of Indus Basin. The GHGs were estimated mostly using the IPCC Guidelines and data from the published literature. The results showed that CH4 emissions were the highest （4.126 Tg yr^-1） followed by N20 （0.265 Tg yr^-1） and CO2 （52.6 Tg yr^-1）. The sources of CH4 are enteric fermentation, rice cultivation and cultivation of other crops. N2O is formed by microbial denitrification of NO3 produced from applied fertilizer-N on cropped soils or by mineralization of native organic matter on fallow soils. CO2 is formed by the burning of plant residue and by soil respiration due to the decomposition of soil organic matter.     

识别断裂构造的DCT法

为了提高欧拉反褶积(Euler法)的反演精度,提出基于DCT的Euler法确定断层断点位置的反演方法,从理论上给出了基于DCT的Euler齐次方程,指出异常导数的计算精度是影响Euler法反演精度的核心问题.台阶模型实验证实:用DCT法计算的重力异常垂向一阶导数的最大误差为0.460×10-9/s2,均方差为0.189×10-9/s2,水平导数最大误差为0.182×10-9/s2,均方差为0.028×10-9/s2,与DFT法相比,其计算的异常导数具有很高的精度.通过对正演模型的计算,确定了基于DCT的Euler法模型反演的位置为台阶断面的中心点位,与理论点位相对应;在反演模型实验中,证实了DCT法具有较高的反演精度,同时在实际应用中,进一步验证了该法的可行性、实用性和准确性.     

中国农田的温室气体排放

中国是一个农业大国,拥有约1.33百万平方公里的农田。这些田地的种植、翻耕、施肥、灌溉等管理措施不仅长期改变着农田生态系统中的化学元素循环,而且给全球气候变化带来影响。农业生态系统对全球变化的影响主要是通过改变3种温室气体,即二氧化碳(CO₂)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)在土壤-大气界面的交换而实现的。为了分析多种因素(如气候、土壤质地、农作物品种及各种农田经营管理措施等)对农业土壤释放CO_22222222