手持GPS在地质测量中的应用

介绍了手持GPS在测绘具体工作中的应用,尤其是在地质找矿中布设物化探测点的方法,并对定点误差进行了系统分析。根据分析结果,提出了对各项误差进行校正或控制的方法,对手持GPS在地质找矿工作和测绘生产中的应用,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

A tree counting algorithm for precision agriculture tasks

Abstract

This study proposes an automatic procedure for individual fruit tree identification using GeoEye-1 sensor data. Depending on site-specific pruning practices, the morphologic characteristics of tree crowns may generate one or more brightness peaks (tree top) on the imagery. To optimize tree counting and to minimize typical background noises from orchards (i.e. bare soil, weeds, and man-made objects), a four-step algorithm was implemented with spatial transforms and functions suitable for spaced stands (asymmetrical smoothing filter, local minimum filter, mask layer, and spatial aggregation operator). System performance was evaluated through objective criteria, showing consistent results in fast capturing tree position for precision agriculture tasks.     

Monitoring nitrogen concentration of oilseed rape from hyperspectral data using radial basis function

Remote sensing technology is the important tool of digital earth, it can facilitate nutrient management in sustainable cropping systems. In the study, two types of radial basis function (RBF) neural network approaches, the standard radial basis function (SRBF) neural networks and the modified type of RBF, generalized regression neural networks (GRNN), were investigated in estimating the nitrogen concentrations of oilseed rape canopy using vegetation indices (VIs) and hyperspectral reflectance. Comparison analyses were performed to the spectral variables and the approaches. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and determination coefficients (R²) were used to assess their predictability of nitrogen concentrations. For all spectral variables (VIs and hyperspectral reflectance), the GRNN method produced more accurate estimates of nitrogen concentrations than did the SRBF method at all ranges of nitrogen concentrations, and the better agreements between the measured and the predicted nitrogen concentration were obtained with the GRNN method. This indicated that the GRNN method is prior to the SRBF method in estimation of nitrogen concentrations. Among the VIs, the Modified Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (MCARI), MCARI₁₅₁₀, and Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index are better than the others in estimating oilseed rape canopy nitrogen concentrations. Compared to the results from VIs, the hyperspectral reflectance data also gave an acceptable estimation. The study showed that nitrogen concentrations of oilseed rape canopy could be monitored using remotely sensed data and the RBF method, especially the GRNN method, is a useful explorative tool for oilseed rape nitrogen concentration monitoring when applied on hyperspectral data.     

综合物探在煤田自燃区勘查中应用效果分析

在陕北神府矿区石窑店井田煤层自燃勘查中,依据勘查区地质特征,采取了"放射状"不规则网状高精度磁测扫面结合二维地震剖面相结合的综合物探方法,其中高精度磁测扫面确定自燃边界,二维地震剖面解释煤自燃层位。通过对两种物探勘查方法取得的资料进行分析、对比和综合研究,确定该井田2-2煤层存在自燃现象,并圈定了自燃边界。经钻孔验证,综合物探解释的边界和埋藏深度精度较高,其中埋深误差小于8.7m。该区的勘探结果表明采用高精度磁测和二维地震勘探相结合的物探方法,能够准确的圈定煤层自燃边界,为煤矿开发和采掘设计提供可靠的地质信息。     

Recent insights into analytical precision and modelling of DDA and NMM for practical problems

This paper discussed the analytical precision on equations of motion in some practical studies that use 2-D DDA, 2D-Coupled analysis of NMM & DDA, and 3D-DDA. We point out the main reason for numerical instability in DDA is loss of the effective digits when superposing the global stiffness matrix under the variable conditions of large and the small blocks. Categories of analyses are distributed in 2D-DDA static masonry structures such as the Great Pyramid and the Pont du Gard, 2D-DDA dynamic rock fall problems and the sensitivity of its analysis on the velocity ratio and the penalty, earthquake response analysis of rock slopes, 2D-NMM, 2D-coupled analysis of DDA and NMM and 3D-DDA rock fall problem. The selected examples on the Great Pyramid, Pont du Gard and Bayon Temple at Angkor Thom are located in Egypt, France and Cambodia respectively as UNESCO world heritages sites. The authors evaluated the applicability of the methods and the reliability of the results by comparing different methods and site observations from the practical problems.     

物化探综合信息找矿方法在萤石矿找矿中的应用

福建光泽地区是闽北地区重要的萤石矿成矿远景区,具有寻找隐伏—半隐伏萤石矿的潜力,但是目前该区隐伏—半隐伏萤石矿找矿成果较少。通过对福建光泽地区I号萤石矿预测区开展物化探综合信息找矿方法应用,探讨物化探综合信息找矿方法在隐伏—半隐伏萤石矿找矿中的应用效果。结果表明: 区域水系沉积物测量和大比例尺化探剖面测量圈出的F、Ca等综合异常信息可协助筛选、确定萤石矿找矿目标区; 将高精度磁法测量与视电阻率联合剖面测量相结合,可进一步判断萤石矿控矿构造的位置和规模; 高密度电阻率法测量可协助确定控矿构造的深部延伸情况。地表检查和深部钻探验证表明: 区域化探、高精度磁法测量、视电阻率联合剖面测量和高密度电阻率法测量等物化探综合信息找矿方法组合,可指导隐伏—半隐伏萤石矿的找矿工作。     

综合地球物理方法在蒙古国中戈壁省某 铁-锌多金属矿区勘查中的应用

采用高精度磁法与双频激电法相结合的方式对蒙古国中戈壁省某铁-锌多金属矿区进行地球物理勘查评价,圈定出多个低磁、高视幅频率、低视电阻率异常区,经工程验证该异常由多个铁-锌金属矿体引起,矿体赋存于花岗岩与大理岩接触交代所形成的矽卡岩带内,矿床成因类型为接触交代矽卡岩型,矿床规模为中型。该矿区研究结果表明,高精度磁法与双频激电法的联合应用,可以快速圈定深部铁锌多金属矿化异常体,并为后期探矿工程部署提供依据,是寻找同类型矿床的有效方法之一。     

Interactions between European agricultural policy and climate change: a Slovenian case study

This article analyses the interactions between agricultural policy measures in the EU and the factors affecting GHG emissions from agriculture on the one hand, and the adaptation of agriculture to climate change on the other. To this end, the article uses Slovenia as a case study, assessing the extent to which Slovenian agricultural policy is responding to the challenges of climate change. All agricultural policy measures related to the 2007–2013 programming period were analysed according to a new methodological approach that is based on a qualitative (expert evaluation) and a quantitative (budgetary transfers validation) assessment. A panel of experts reached consensus on the key factors through which individual measures affect climate change, in which direction and how significantly. Data on budgetary funds for each measure were used as weights to assess their relative importance. The results show that there are not many measures in (Slovenian) agricultural policy that are directly aimed at reducing GHG emissions from agriculture or at adaptation to climate change. Nevertheless, most affect climate change, and their impact is far from negligible. Current measures have both positive and negative impacts, but overall the positive impacts prevail. Measures that involve many beneficiaries and more budgetary funds had the strongest impact on aggregate assessments. In light of climate change, agricultural policy should pay more attention to measures that are aimed at raising the efficiency of animal production, as it is the principal source of GHG emissions from agriculture.

Policy relevance

Agricultural policy must respond to climate challenges and climate change impact assessment must be included in the process of forming European agricultural policy. Agricultural policy measures that contribute to the reduction of emissions and adaptation, whilst acting in synergy with other environmental, economic and social goals, should be promoted. The approach used in this study combines qualitative and quantitative data, yielding an objective assessment of the climate impact of agricultural policy measures and providing policy makers with a tool for either ex ante or ex post evaluations of climate-relevant policy measures.     

High-resolution Projection Dataset of Agroclimatic Indicators over Central Asia

To understand the potential impacts of projected climate change on the vulnerable agriculture in Central Asia (CA), six agroclimatic indicators are calculated based on the 9-km-resolution dynamical downscaled results of three different global climate models from Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), and their changes in the near-term future (2031–50) are assessed relative to the reference period (1986–2005). The quantile mapping (QM) method is applied to correct the model data before calculating the indicators. Results show the QM method largely reduces the biases in all the indicators. Growing season length (GSL, day), summer days (SU, day), warm spell duration index (WSDI, day), and tropical nights (TR, day) are projected to significantly increase over CA, and frost days (FD, day) are projected to decrease. However, changes in biologically effective degree days (BEDD, °C) are spatially heterogeneous. The high-resolution projection dataset of agroclimatic indicators over CA can serve as a scientific basis for assessing the future risks to local agriculture from climate change and will be beneficial in planning adaption and mitigation actions for food security in this region.     

较发达地区农业产业化地域模式研究——以江苏省海安县为例

以江苏省海安县为例,依据实地调研获取的信息,追踪较发达地区农村经济从多种经营-支柱产业形成-农业产业化经营的演进历程,分析其农业产业化的特征,并以禽蛋和茧丝绸业为重点总结较发达地区农业大县农业产业化的地域模式。