水源保护区农业发展模式研究——以昆明市松华坝水源二、三级保护区为例

昆明市政府对松华坝水源保护区实施了"全面禁牧、禁渔业、禁花限菜、限制规模化养殖"等环境保护政策,加强了对城市水源地的保护力度,然而政策的实施将对水源地经济的发展有一定的限制作用,因此在政策限制的情况下进行水源地农业发展模式的研究,将充分考虑水源保护区政策、资源、市场、技术、农户意愿五大因素,采用实地调查、对比分析法、投入产出比等方法,提出了核桃林未成林间种洋芋模式,成林后林下种植金银花的连续发展模式和"以有机野生菌为精品,无公害金针菇种植为主"市场差异化发展的模式。     

准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区梭梭维持水源初步研究

为了了解沙漠植物梭梭维持水源的利用情况,探明其对水源的利用策略,利用稳定性同位素技术定位取样,对准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区梭梭进行了研究.结果表明,冬季,梭梭基本没有直接利用降雪;随着融雪后浅层土壤含水率的上升,梭梭明显利用浅层土壤水;梭梭利用水源中,地下水占有很大比例,这种比例在冬季和夏季最高,最高幅度可达到80％,平均占到30％左右;降雨也是梭梭利用的水源之一,在降雨后的3～5 d内,梭梭木质部δ18O值有明显趋近降雨δ18O值的趋势.因此,本研究区的梭梭维持水源有多个途径,地下水、融雪形成的浅层土壤水是其主要水源,中、大量降雨也是其利用的水源之一.     

An analysis of intra-event precipitation variability for the United States (1980–2010)

Hourly precipitation data were collected from 143 first-order US weather stations during the period from 1980 to 2009 to assess the internal distribution of precipitation events lasting at least three hours. A total of 46,595 individual precipitation events were identified and evaluated using the mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and the number of peaks occurring within an event. Mean event duration is longest along the West and Northwest coasts, the Mid-South, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Northeast; while shorter-duration events are more frequent in the Rocky Mountains, the Southwest, and the Great Plains. Mean event precipitation and standard deviation are greatest along the Gulf Coast and decrease inland. Precipitation events are positively skewed, indicating that more precipitation tends to occur earlier in the event. The most positively-skewed events are also located in regions flanking the Gulf of Mexico, while less-skewed events are common in the Northwest and Rocky Mountain regions. Event kurtosis is negative throughout the entire USA, with the highest negative values generally west of the Front Range, where cyclonic development and transition produce more evenly distributed precipitation within storms. Intra-event precipitation maxima were also evaluated, with western Florida and the desert Southwest having the greatest number per event.     

Generating hierarchical strokes from urban street networks based on spatial pattern recognition

Strokes are products of a higher-level aggregation of street segments that can reflect functional importance and perceptual significance that is associated with them in human spatial mental conceptualizations, which is of vital importance for network analysis, street selection, and map generalization. Street properties (e.g., street names) and angles between street segments are the two main elements used for generating street strokes according to the continuity principle of perceptual grouping into networks. However, it is difficult to automatically generate strokes with good continuity from street networks with multiple lanes such as dual carriageways or complex street junctions. This article proposes a method for generating street strokes that maintain good continuity across multiple lanes and complex street junctions. The proposed method first detects dual carriageways and complex junctions in street networks and then generates strokes according to the continuity principle of perceptual grouping. Finally, it groups the generated street strokes across the dual carriageways and complex street junctions to maintain good continuity. Moreover, the generated strokes are hierarchically ranked based on stroke length and centrality measurements. Experimental studies demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method. The result shows that the generated street strokes maintain good continuity and reflect well the hierarchical structure of the street networks.     

Geomorphic Controls on Historical Channel Planform Changes on the Lower Pages River,Hunter Valley,Australia

Historical planform changes in a 14.7 km reach of the lower Pages River were determined to assess whether they were autogenic (inherent in the river regime) or allogenic (driven by external changes) in nature so as to better focus river management activities and river restoration works. A pattern metamorphosis or complete change in river morphology occurred during the February 1955 flood. The peak discharge of this event exceeded the slope and grain size (intrinsic) threshold for braiding, converting the narrow, slightly sinuous stream to a wide, braided-like river. Five subsequent intrinsic threshold-exceeding floods did not cause further bar development because an over-widened channel already existed. Autogenic channel planform changes included sinuosity variations due to lateral migration and pattern metamorphosis due to the exceedance of a discharge–slope–grain size geomorphic threshold. Allogenic channel planform changes included: (1) realignment/channel straightening and artificial cutoffs by river training works; (2) lateral migration by increased bank erodibility due to riparian vegetation clearing; (3) lateral migration by the operation of a transitive geomorphic threshold involving the onset of a flood-dominated regime after 1946 and increased catchment runoff after 1830 due to large-scale clearing of catchment vegetation; and (4) the occurrence of a large flood in February 1955. Multiple forcing factors have clearly caused historical channel planform changes of the lower Pages River, making the design of river management and restoration works a complex matter outside the scope of simple formulaic protocols.     

Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas

The Koshi River Basin is in the middle of the Himalayas, a tributary of the Ganges River and a very important cross-border watershed. Across the basin there are large changes in altitude, habitat complexity, ecosystem integrity, land cover diversity and regional difference and this area is sensitive to global climate change. Based on Landsat TM images, vegetation mapping, field investigations and 3S technology, we compiled high-precision land cover data for the Koshi River Basin and analyzed current land cover characteristics. We found that from source to downstream, land cover in the Koshi River Basin in 2010 was composed of water body (glacier), bare land, sparse vegetation, grassland, wetland, shrubland, forest, cropland, water body (river or lake) and built-up areas. Among them, grassland, forest, bare land and cropland are the main types, accounting for 25.83%, 21.19%, 19.31% and 15.09% of the basin’s area respectively. The composition and structure of the Koshi River Basin land cover types are different between southern and northern slopes. The north slope is dominated by grassland, bare land and glacier; forest, bare land and glacier are mainly found on northern slopes. Northern slopes contain nearly seven times more grassland than southern slopes; while 97.13% of forest is located on southern slopes. Grassland area on northern slope is 6.67 times than on southern slope. The vertical distribution of major land cover types has obvious zonal characteristics. Land cover types from low to high altitudes are cropland, forest, Shrubland and mixed cropland, grassland, sparse vegetation, bare land and water bodies. These results provide a scientific basis for the study of land use and cover change in a critical region and will inform ecosystem protection, sustainability and management in this and other alpine transboundary basins.     

基于ESDA的福建省私营经济空间格局及其影响机制探析

以2004和2008年福建省各区县私营企业密度为指标变量,以福建省84个县级行政单位为基本单元（金门县除外）,借用ESDA全局和局部空间自相关分析方法和GIS技术,通过构造空间权重矩阵,从空间关联的角度探讨福建省私营经济空间异质性、相似性和空间分布模式．研究表明：福建省私营经济空间分布呈现出显著的自相关特征,空间集聚特...     

清代东蒙农业开发的消长及其气候变化背景

利用档案史料、建置沿革史研究成果等提取信息,建立历史代用指标序列,对清代（1644～1911）内蒙古东部地区农业开发的时空进程进行描述,结合当地农业气候资源条件（温度、降水）及清代气候变化（温度）探讨其中的气候因素。结果显示：（1）清代东蒙农业开发集中在现代年均≥10℃积温2500℃、降水量400mm以上区域之内;（2...     

广州城市交通系统与空间格局互动影响研究

该文在评述国内外相关研究的基础上,阐释城市交通系统与空间格局之间的互动影响关系。对广州城市交通系统与空间格局之间的互动影响关系的研究结果表明：广州城市交通系统的发展对空间格局的形成与发展有引导作用;城市空间格局的变化会产生反馈作用,客观上影响着交通系统的空间布局,两者之间存在—个互动反馈作用环。     

哈尼梯田土地利用空间格局及其变化的信息图谱研究

以云南省元阳县为例,建立土地利用空间格局及变化信息图谱,对其图谱特征进行分析。结果表明:土地利用时空演变征兆图谱更直观形象的揭示区域土地利用变化的基本模式,提供时空复合的表达方式;土地利用斑块形态与空间扩展图谱的建立应用空间格局研究中的相关概念和方法,将微观、宏观层次图形信息与变化过程结合;土地利用变化景观特征图谱建立以度量空间格局变化为目标的景观指数体系。