Long‐term trend analysis for major climate variables in the Yellow River basin*

Some previous studies have shown that drying‐up of the lower Yellow River resulted from decreasing precipitation and excessive industrial and agricultural consumption of water from the middle and downstream regions of the Yellow River. On the basis of average air temperature, precipitation, and pan evaporation data from nearly 80 gauging stations in the Yellow River basin, the monotonic trends of major climate variables over the past several decades are analysed. The analysis was mainly made for 12 months and the annual means. The isograms for annual and typical months are given in the paper. The result shows that the average temperature in the study area exhibits an increasing trend, mainly because of the increase of temperature in December, January and February. The largest trend is shown in December and the smallest is in August. There are 65 of 77 stations exhibiting a downward trend for annual precipitation. In all seasons except summer, there is a similar trend in the upstream region of the Yellow River, south of latitude 35°N. It is interesting to note that the pan evaporation has decreased in most areas of the Yellow River basin during the past several decades. April and July showed the greatest magnitude of slope, and the area from Sanmenxia to Huayuankou as well as the Yiluo River basin exhibited the strongest declining trend. The conclusion is that the decreasing pan evaporation results from complex changes of air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed, and both climate change and human activities have affected the flow regime of the Yellow River during the past several decades. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A modified global model for predicting the tritium distribution in precipitation, 1960–2005

A modified global model for predicting the tritium concentration in precipitation has been developed using the dataset of International Atomic Energy Agency/the World Meteorological Organization (IAEA/WMO) over the period from 1960 to 2005. The tritium concentration in precipitation and its history can be estimated at any location using the model. The modified global model of tritium in precipitation (MGMTP) here presented has higher accuracy than the global model of tritium in precipitation (GMTP) developed by Doney et al. ( 1992 ). The new model is not only more appropriate for a particular station but also applicable for the un‐normalized observations directly. Another advantage of MGMTP is that it can estimate a longer history (from 1960 to 2005) of tritium content in precipitation than GMTP (from 1960 to 1986). The seasonal cycle of tritium in precipitation has also been modelled in the form of a simple cosine function with five parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seasonal rainfall–runoff relationships in a lowland forested watershed in the southeastern USA

Hydrological processes of lowland watersheds of the southern USA are not well understood compared to a hilly landscape due to their unique topography, soil compositions, and climate. This study describes the seasonal relationships between rainfall patterns and runoff (sum of storm flow and base flow) using 13 years (1964–1976) of rainfall and stream flow data for a low‐gradient, third‐order forested watershed. It was hypothesized that runoff–rainfall ratios (R/P) are smaller during the dry periods (summer and fall) and greater during the wet periods (winter and spring). We found a large seasonal variability in event R/P potentially due to differences in forest evapotranspiration that affected seasonal soil moisture conditions. Linear regression analysis results revealed a significant relationship between rainfall and runoff for wet (r² = 0·68; p < 0·01) and dry (r² = 0·19; p = 0·02) periods. Rainfall‐runoff relationships based on a 5‐day antecedent precipitation index (API) showed significant (r² = 0·39; p < 0·01) correspondence for wet but not (r² = 0·02; p = 0·56) for dry conditions. The same was true for rainfall‐runoff relationships based on 30‐day API (r² = 0·39; p < 0·01 for wet and r² = 0·00; p = 0·79 for dry). Stepwise regression analyses suggested that runoff was controlled mainly by rainfall amount and initial soil moisture conditions as represented by the initial flow rate of a storm event. Mean event R/P were higher for the wet period (R/P = 0·33), and the wet antecedent soil moisture condition based on 5‐day (R/P = 0·25) and 30‐day (R/P = 0·26) prior API than those for the dry period conditions. This study suggests that soil water status, i.e. antecedent soil moisture and groundwater table level, is important besides the rainfall to seasonal runoff generation in the coastal plain region with shallow soil argillic horizons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用地基GPS资料分析大气可降水汽总量

利用“中国地壳运动监测网络”和三峡监测网的地基GPS资料，通过Bernese软件以及根据Bevis等和Rocken等水汽解算原理编制的水汽解算软件。获得了武汉、巴东、兴山、泸州等长江流域测站大气可降水汽总量分布和时间间隔为2小时的GPS遥感大气可降水汽序列，并与站点雨量及区域面雨量进行对比分析，结果表明：地基GPS遥感水汽量变化与地面降水有很好的相关性。而且GPS遥感水汽变化序列峰值对应于强降水提前了8～22小时。有助于强降水特别是突发性强降水的预测；多个站点的GPS遥感水汽总量联合分析，对于区域水汽总量变化研究有一定意义。     

封闭系统中CaCO_3在天然水中溶解或沉淀的水化学后果

文章在计算水溶液化学组份平衡分布及其ｐＨ值的基础上，分析和讨论了封闭系统中ＣａＣＯ３溶解或沉淀所引起的水化学后果，并依据计算数据和借助作图的办法得出了如下结论，即ＣａＣＯ３溶解会使水溶液ｐＨ值增大，Ｈ２ＣＯ３含量减少；相反，ＣａＣＯ３沉淀会使水溶液ｐＨ值减小，Ｈ２ＣＯ３含量增多。     

PRECIPITATION PATTERNS IN FLOOD SEASON OVER CHINA ASSOCIATED WITH THE EL NI■O/SOUTHERN OSCILIATION

I.I~IOXENds(EINabs/SouthernOscillation)eventsaretheintensivesignalsofair-seainteractionintropicalarea.PlentyOfresultsfromdifferentresearchersshoWthattheENdssignalcanbedetectedoninterannualvallationsoflargescaleatmOSPhericcirculationandclimateregimeSovermostpartsoftheworld.SeveralkindsofrelationShipbetweenENdsandprecipitationoverChinahavebeenrevealedbydifferentreSearcherS,buttherearemanydifferencesamongthepublishedreSults.Itmayberesulted*fromthatdifferentreSearchersuseddifferentindic…     

Streamflow and suspended sediment yield following the 2000 Bobcat fire,Colorado

Postfire runoff and erosion are a concern, and more data are needed on the effects of wildfire at the watershed‐scale, especially in the Colorado Front Range. The goal of this study was to characterize and compare the streamflow and suspended sediment yield response of two watersheds (Bobcat Gulch and Jug Gulch) after the 2000 Bobcat fire. Bobcat Gulch had several erosion control treatments applied after the fire, including aerial seeding, contour log felling, mulching, and straw wattles. Jug Gulch was partially seeded. Study objectives were to: (1) measure precipitation, streamflow, and sediment yields; (2) assess the effect of rainfall intensity on peak discharges, storm runoff, and sediment yields; (3) evaluate short‐term hydrologic recovery. Two months after the fire, a storm with a maximum 30 min rainfall intensity I₃₀ of 42 mm h^?1 generated a peak discharge of 3900 l s^?1 km^?2 in Bobcat Gulch. The same storm produced less than 5 l s^?1 km^?2 in Jug Gulch, due to less rainfall and the low watershed response. In the second summer, storms with, I₃₀ of 23 mm h^?1 and 32 mm h^?1 generated peak discharges of 1100 l s^?1 km^?2 and 1700 l s^?1 km^?2 in the treated and untreated watersheds respectively. Maximum water yield efficiencies were 10% and 17% respectively, but 18 of the 23 storms returned ≤2% of the rainfall as runoff, effectively obscuring interpretation of the erosion control treatments. I₃₀ explained 86% of the variability in peak discharges, 74% of the variability in storm runoff, and >80% of the variability in sediment yields. Maximum single‐storm sediment yields in the second summer were 370 kg ha^?1 in the treated watershed and 950 kg ha^?1 in the untreated watershed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于“内蒙地轴解体”

近年来引起我国地质界广泛注意的内蒙地轴解体论所建立的基础是清河镇群蛇绿岩和清河镇小壳动物群。解体论者认为这些广泛分布在中朝陆台北缘近２００００ｋｍ的东西延伸带上的不同岩层都是和温都尔庙群相似的蛇绿岩，并且其中都产有早寒武世小壳动物化石。最新研究已证实清河镇动物群不是生物化石，而是用酸处理岩石样品过程中的化学沉淀物和少量现代植物碎屑混入物的组合。大量地质资料也证明这个带上主要分布早前寒武纪变质杂岩和稍晚的裂谷堆积，所谓的清河镇群蛇绿岩是错误的地质观察和岩石鉴定造成的。     

IMERG卫星降水数据在嘉陵江流域的干旱监测效用评估

针对嘉陵江流域存在雨热同期,水旱灾害频发的现象,为快速且准确地把握流域内降水与干旱情况,利用覆盖范围广且分辨率高的网格化IMERG卫星降水数据对嘉陵江流域进行多时空尺度反演,并基于卫星降水数据采用标准化降水指数(SPI)对流域实行干旱监测。结果表明：1)根据分类指标与统计指标的计算结果,三种卫星降水数据中的IMERG-F能更准确地反映流域内的日降水量,与地面降水数据CC达0.737,整体高估地面降水2.6%,具有在干旱监测方面的应用潜力。2)三种卫星降水数据驱动的SPI指数在干旱监测方面存在一定的差异,IMERG-F驱动的SPI指数与地面降水数据驱动的SPI指数保持较高的一致性(CC>0.9),较近实时产品IMERG-F更能准确地呈现出流域的干湿特征。3)卫星识别降水与干旱监测的能力受地形地貌的影响,IMERG卫星降水数据在平原丘陵地带具有较好的适用性。     

里下河地区极端降水时空变化及未来趋势分析

随着全球变暖,极端天气事件逐渐增加,影响着社会经济发展,揭示区域极端降水时空变化对防洪减灾具有重要意义。基于1960—2019年的逐日降水,通过MK趋势检验、小波分析、重标极差以及克里金插值方法,从强度、频率和持续性三方面分析里下河地区的极端降水指数,并进一步探究其未来趋势变化。结果表明：（1）里下河地区多年平均降水为1017.25 mm,呈不显著增加趋势;空间分布差异明显,总体呈自西北向东南逐渐增加的分布。（2）研究区内各站点极端降水指数变化不同,总体而言,极端降水强度、频率均呈现增加趋势,持续性呈减少趋势。（3）极端降水指数变化过程中存在3类尺度的周期性变化,在整个时间尺度上存在3个偏多中心和2个偏少中心。（4）除R10mm和R20mm未来变化趋势与过去趋势相反且呈弱持续性,其他极端降水指数未来变化趋势与过去相一致,且过去总体趋势对未来趋势的影响时间长度在9~16年左右。研究结果为里下河地区科学合理应对气象灾害、合理配置水资源提供依据。