Contribution of Community Forestry in Poverty Reduction: Case Study of Multiple Community Forests of Bajhang District,Nepal

In Nepal, nearly half of the total land is covered by forest, which holds a potentially important position in promoting rural livelihoods and in alleviating rural poverty. The rural landscape that encompasses an agrarian economy, a fragile ecology, and a complex and differentiated society is changing rapidly in Nepal today. Although poverty alleviation has been one of the top priorities for national development since 1976, poverty still remains widespread, persistent and it is also an acute problem in Nepal, where people are in a state of deprivation with regard to incomes, clothing, housing, healthcare, education, sanitary facilities and human rights. Thus, Nepal is considered as one of the poorest countries in South-Asia, with 25.2% people living below the poverty line. The objective of this study was to assess changes in poverty of forest users brought on by the community forestry program, in order to analyze the level of participation in community forestry management activities. For this study, Bajhang district was chosen as the study site, which is one of the poorest and most remote districts in the country of Nepal. Different Participatory Rural Appraisal methods such as face-to face interviews, focus group discussions and key informants’ interviews including secondary data were used to gather information. The findings showed that the forest users’ participation in meetings, discussion and other activities, like community forestry management or silvicultural operation related to community forestry, was high. The assessment found that 42.3%, 32.6% and 25.1% of respondents strongly agreed, agreed and were neutral, respectively, towards the idea that poverty reduction from community forests had occurred. The results showed almost all the respondents were depended upon agriculture and/or forest resources for their livelihoods. Different ecosystem services such as ethnomedicines, aesthetic value and ecotourism, control of soil erosion/land-slides, water recharge and soil fertility have increased due to the decomposition of leaf litter. This was apparent from the formulation of community forests. Poverty in rural areas of the country is still higher than in urban areas and the incidence of poverty is the highest in the Far western Province where this research was conducted, Therefore, the government, policy makers and other stakeholders should work hand-in-hand to effectively reduce the poverty that persists in Nepal.     

喀斯特山区村域多维贫困空间异质性研究——以盘州市为例

厘清喀斯特山区贫困人口空间分布及贫困机理是我国全面建成小康社会的关键。基于自然环境、地理区位、经济基础及人力资本4个维度指标测算了盘州市村域多维贫困,并结合GIS技术分析了其空间异质性。结果表明:(1)31.65%的行政村处于多维贫困状态,主要集中分布在盘州市的北部、东部以及零星分布在西部和南部。(2)多维贫困的热点区主要分布在各维度上均未处于冷点区的盘州市北部的乌蒙镇、坪地彝族乡、柏果镇、普古彝族苗族乡以及旧营白族彝族苗族乡东部和竹海镇东南部。(3)4个行政村在各维度上均处于贫困,53个行政村在其中3个维度处于贫困,贫困维度的热点区集中在盘州市北部的乌蒙镇与坪地彝族乡交界处、柏果镇、鸡场坪镇北部、淤泥乡北部、旧营白族彝族苗族乡东部以及竹海镇东南部。(4)根据盘州市实际情况,将各行政村的脆弱维度组合划分为自然条件缺乏型、经济基础缺乏型、人力资本缺乏型、自然经济兼缺型、自然人力兼缺型、经济人力兼缺型、自然经济人力兼缺型和发展友好型8类,并提出相应的脱贫建议。通过对村域多维贫困定量测度和空间异质性研究,明晰了多维贫困的测度方法及其空间分异规律,这对区域全面脱贫和乡村振兴具有重要的现实意义。     

中国精准扶贫土地整治的典型模式

土地整治是助推精准扶贫,实现脱贫解困的重要途径。根据土地整治作用于农村减贫发展的实现路径,将全国土地整治助推精准扶贫的典型模式概括为四种：① 单项土地整理模式。通过开发低效未利用地,建设高标准农田,改善农业生产条件,促进农业规模化经营。② 三生空间优化模式。将农村宅基地复垦与易地扶贫搬迁相结合,改善人居环境,恢复脆弱生态,优化乡村三生空间。③ 土地资产显化模式。实施补充耕地指标有偿异地调剂,积累扶贫开发资金,促进城乡要素双向流动,统筹城乡发展。④ 土地资本流动模式。将土地整治与土地流转及作价入股相结合,整合贫困地区劳动力、资本等要素资源,推动农业现代化和乡村振兴。     

视频前景多特征融合的人群密度分析

视频GIS技术可以融合视频处理技术与GIS分析技术实现视频场景的公共安全监控,在公共场所视频监控应用领域,人群密度和数量能够反映地理空间场景的人群拥挤程度,具有一定的公共安全风险控制作用。为满足公共安全领域利用视频GIS技术对视频人群监测及分析的需求,提出了一种视频前景多特征融合的人群密度及数量估计方法。该方法融合前景图像块的边缘纹理特征,通过SVM区分场景人群密度,然后以归一化前景面积、轮廓和边缘纹理特征作为回归因子,根据人群密度差异分类构建回归模型,进而估算场景人群数量。实验结果表明,此方法能够高效估计视频场景的人群密度和数量,准确表征该场景人群分布状态。     

干旱区绿洲荒漠交错带空间贫困分异特征、减贫需求与扶贫对策研究——以新疆和田地区为例

干旱区绿洲荒漠交错带具有自然环境恶劣、社会发展滞后、经济基础薄弱、人口素质较低、贫困现象普遍的显著特征。依据空间贫困理论、GIS空间分析技术和TOPSIS模型,研究了和田地区空间贫困等级、致贫原因及其障碍度指数,并提出了相应的扶贫对策建议。结果表明：（1）和田地区一级贫困区包括和田县（0.528 0）、民丰县（0.466 3）;二级贫困区包括皮山县（0.387 1）、于田县（0.378 8）、和田市（0.371 5）、策勒县（0.348 3）、墨玉县（0.325 7）;三级贫困区包括洛浦县（0.221 3）。（2）和田地区排序前五的减贫需求包括：生产资料（86.8%）、资金（85.5%）、住房（74.3%）、教育培训（67.0%）和饮水（64.7%）。针对研究区的空间贫困分异特征以及减贫需求,从完善公共基础设施、实施转移就业行动、发展特色优势产业、改善生产生活条件、加大教育培训力度与金融扶持力度等方面提出了相应的对策建议。     

勘探煤芯样化验数据异常分析

由于成煤原始植物不同,成煤古地理环境各异以及地质造构运动等方面的影响,在特殊条件下,煤质化验数据会表现出异常的情况,通过数据审查,发现异常数据加以分析,对提高煤质报告的编制水平是十分必要的。     

东天山白鑫滩铜镍硫化物矿床矿石铂族元素特征及其矿床成因讨论

笔者等针对矿床不同的矿石类型中PGE的含量进行了综合分析和理论计算和研究。该理论对于通过铂族元素可以精细刻画出岩浆结晶分异过程中元素的迁移、富集规律,示踪成矿母岩浆的物质来源。通过本次研究对于寻找与镁铁—超镁铁岩有关的铜镍矿床中综合评价铂族元素提供了一定的方向和借鉴,能够进一步指导和推动铜镍矿中伴生铂族元素的评价和利用。新疆白鑫滩铜镍硫化物矿床是近年来东天山新发现的镍矿床,矿床规模镍已达到中型,铜为小型矿床。矿床矿石以海绵陨铁状结构为主,且矿床中铜矿石资源量大于镍矿石资源量。本次工作针对矿区东西部两个最大的矿体系统地采集了样品,并分析了矿体中铂族元素含量,根据大量铂族数据的统计与模拟计算,获得了白鑫滩矿床母岩浆的PGE组成：Os＝0. 335×10-9,Ir＝0. 267×10-9,Ru＝0. 277×10-9,Rh＝0. 144×10-9,Pt＝4. 94×10-9,Pd＝2. 32×10-9,Ni＝338×10-6,Cu＝174×10-6。通过R因子与硫化物分异结晶过程模拟,白鑫滩铜镍硫化物矿床的R因子为115。综合分析对比不同矿床矿石铂族元素特征,表明白鑫滩成矿岩体为地幔物质来源,成矿作用主要受母岩浆的结晶分异作用控制。     

基于BP神经网络的区域贫困空间特征研究——以武陵山连片特困区为例

随着国家新一轮区域发展和扶贫攻坚战略的实施,连片特困地区成为新时期扶贫开发工作的主战场。本文以武陵山连片特困区县级行政区划为例,从自然和社会因素中选取主要贫困影响因子,构建评价指标体系,利用GIS和BP神经网络,模拟区域自然致贫指数、社会经济消贫指数,分析贫困的内在成因,探究贫困的空间分布特征,旨在为扶贫开发政策的制定和区域协调发展提供辅助决策。结果表明,研究区自然因素是主要的致贫原因,而社会因素在一定程度上起到了缓解作用。大部分县的自然致贫程度在中等以上,其中,铜仁、湘西地区程度较为严重,绝大多数贫困地区的社会经济水平不高,缓解贫困的能力不强;黔江地区、张家界地区的贫困程度较低,铜仁地区和湘西地区的贫困程度较高。各县的贫困状况和贫困程度存在较大差异,古丈、龙川,务川、正安,隆回、新化及道通、城步共同构成武陵山片区"大分散、小聚集"的贫困分布格局。今后的扶贫开发过程中,应充分考虑自然致贫因素,深入挖掘区域资源优势,加强区域间的交流与协作。     

Spatial analysis of residential fuel prices: Local variations in the price of heating oil in Northern Ireland

Spatial disparities in the price of residential heating fuel may have considerable impacts on social well-being. Dependence on relatively expensive fuels in off-gas grid contexts may be linked to high rates of fuel poverty, making it a key policy issue. However, fuel prices in the off-grid sector have received relatively little research attention. This study investigates pricing structures within the heating oil market in Northern Ireland, a region with high rates of fuel poverty, using applied spatial analysis. The results indicate significant spatial variations in the price of heating oil at local level. High prices occur in remote rural areas and urban areas with high rates of gas heating. Prices appear to arise from a complex set of interacting factors related to local market structures, supply costs, market competitiveness and socio-economic factors which affect demand. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature on off-gas residential heating. Although further research is needed, the results presented here suggest that policy responses such as price regulation may have only limited impacts on fuel poverty levels, emphasizing the importance of maximising access to more affordable fuels (e.g. mains gas or renewables) as part of a sustainable energy solution.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市地表水资源可利用量分析

为研究乌鲁木齐市水资源管理三条红线,以乌鲁木齐市5大水系为研究对象,对区域地表水资源可利用量进行分析。根据径流深等值线图量算得到不可能被利用水量;分别采用百分数法、近10年最小月径流量法、保证率为90%的最小月径流量法,计算不同生态植被和生态环境的最小需水量;湖泊、湿地多年平均蒸发耗水量与湖泊、湿地直接降水补给量差值作为湖泊、湿地需水量。得出乌鲁木齐市地表水资源可利用量为6.911×108m3。