Improving livelihoods in fishing communities of West Sumatra: More than just boats and machines

Despite a raft of livelihood programs designed to help Indonesian small-scale fishers there are concerns that the needs of the poor are still not being addressed. This study examines this concern through a two-pronged approach. Firstly, through a broad-scale series of interviews with fishers, community leaders and government employees in 25 fishing villages in the province of West Sumatra to identify which sectors of the fishing industry the poor operate in and the types of livelihood initiatives targeted at helping them. Secondly, by using three case studies of livelihood development projects and identifying the social, economic and institutional lessons learned that point both to best and worst practice. Three groups of poor fishers were identified; a large group of non-boat owning “labourers”, a group of “small-scale boat owners” and a small group of “processors and sellers”. Empowerment programs by the Department for Fisheries between 2005 and 2009 emphasised improving physical capital through providing fishing gear, motorisation and processing equipment. These initiatives could potentially help small-boat owners but would not benefit non-boat owning labourers. The new livelihood improvement programme GPEMP had non-fishing alternative livelihoods that could help labourers, but still demonstrated an ongoing bias towards physical capital interventions. The three case studies demonstrated that aspects of leadership, trust, advocacy, administration, accountability and ongoing institutional support are key elements of empowering coastal communities towards livelihood improvement. Human and social capital components need prioritisation in future poverty alleviation policy and programs in Indonesia, particularly for the large marginalised group of labourers.     

中国欠发达地区可持续减贫与绿色发展研究

In 2020, the decisive victory of building a moderately well-off society in all aspects means that absolute poverty in rural China has been completely eliminated. Consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation and establishing a long-term mechanism to solve relative poverty have become key issues in high-quality development of underdeveloped areas. In this study, human-earth system is employed to analyze the element composition, structural organization and functional state of underdeveloped areas. The results show that poverty in underdeveloped areas stems from the lack of the coupling and coordinating mechanism among human, economic, resource and environmental elements, which is not conducive to transforming the ecological advantages into the advantages of regional development. In the antipoverty stage, underdeveloped areas innovate the human-earth coupling and coordinating mechanism through a series of targeted measures, promote the organic combination of poverty alleviation, ecological conservation and sustainable development, and boost the transformation of regional development and the increase of farmers’ incomes. Focusing on the 14 th Five-year Plan(2021–2025) and the long-term goal of 2035, governments in underdeveloped areas should make full use of the policy support to explore scientific methods of modern governance and sustainable development. In particular, it is necessary to practice the concept that "clear waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" and take the road of the ecologicalization of industry and the industrialization of ecology by establishing a policy system of "green land", "green people", "green industry" and "green right", thus building an endogenous growth mechanism of sustainable poverty alleviation and green development in China’s underdeveloped areas.     

CORRECTION METHODS FOR THERMAL OFFSET ERRORS IN TBQ-2-B PYRANOMETERS

Due to the existence of thermal offsets, global solar irradiances measured by pyranometers are smaller than actual values, and errors are larger in the daytime. Until now, there is no universally-recognized correction method for thermal offset errors. Therefore, it is imperative to identify a convenient and effective correction method. Five correction methods were evaluated based on the data measured from a field experiment from 23 January to 15 November, 2011. Results have shown: 1) Temporal variation characteristics of thermal offsets in the four tested pyranometers are consistent. 2) Among the five methods, non-dimensional quantity method is suggested for use to correct thermal offsets, because it is convenient and no modification of instruments is required. If collocated net longwave radiation and wind speed data are available and their uncertainties are small, the historical solar radiation datasets can also be corrected. And correction effects by the method are better.     

条纹小环藻对Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋耐受力和吸附作用的研究

研究了条纹小环藻（Cyclotella striata）对Cu2＋和Zn2＋的耐受力、吸附率和吸附量的作用规律.结果表明：Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻的生长影响显著（p〈0.05）,随着Cu2＋、Zn2＋含量的升高,其对条纹小环藻生长的抑制作用增大;当Cu2＋和Zn2＋的含量分别高于4.00×10-3、0.01 mg/dm3时,其对条纹小环藻的生长几乎没有影响;Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻生长的半抑制含量分别为0.26、11.17 mg/dm3.Cu2＋含量为1.00 mg/dm3和Zn2＋含量为50.00 mg/dm3的组合,对条纹小环藻生长的抑制率达72.28%,Cu2＋对条纹小环藻的毒性大于Zn2＋.条纹小环藻对Cu2＋、Zn2＋吸附效果良好,当藻细胞含量为2.45×107cells/dm3时,对Cu2＋的吸附率为63.00%;当藻细胞含量为1.75×107cells/dm3时,对Zn2＋的吸附率为60.52%;条纹小环藻对Cu2＋和Zn2＋的吸附量分别为9.26 mg/g（21.30×10-9mg/cell）和20.06 mg/g（46.15×10-9mg/cell）时,Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻不会产生明显毒性.     

遵义市夏季短时强降水时空特征分析

本文利用遵义市2016-2020年夏季逐时降水资料和ERA5再分析资料,分析遵义市夏季短时强降水的时空分布特征,并统计午后和后半夜前发生短时强降水的物理量特征,得到以下结论：（1）遵义市夏季短时强降水日变化呈现双锋结构,夜间的峰值主要发生在6月,白天峰值贡献主要来自7-8月。6月和7月的短时强降水是夜间多于白天,而8月则是白天多于夜间,且多为午后强对流。遵义市夏季短时强降水夜间出现异常值概率的大于白天。（2）有6个县的夜雨均值明显高于昼雨,且在昼雨的1倍以上,仅有凤冈和湄潭的夜雨均值低于昼雨均值,7个县日变化双峰结构较为明显,仁怀有明显的4峰结构,可能与我市西高东低的地形分布有关。（3）遵义市夏季短时强降水在西部、北部地区发生短时强降水的概率较高,西部主要集中在河谷地带,北部主要集中在娄山山脉,短时强降水平均站次6-8月逐渐减少,10站次以上站点逐渐北推且减少,可能与副高西伸北抬有关。（4）高海拔站点午后短时强降水对CAPE、K、LI要求更低,低海拔站点需要更好的抬升和中低层暖湿条件,850hPa与500hPa温差则是高海拔站点高于低海拔站点。（5）与14时相比,后半夜发生短时强降水对CAPE、LI、T850-500等要求变低,且抬升指数有4个站均值高于0℃,指示意义没有午后好,后半夜短时强降水K指数的要求变高,大气可降水量要求也是变高的,但主要是高海拔站点变高。     

闸控河网水文-水动力-水质耦合数学模型——I.理论

针对流域级闸控大型河网水环境日常管理的应用需求与实际特点,将资料适应性强的水文学方法与数据要求相对严苛的水动力-水质数值模型相融合,构建了一维与二维嵌套、分块组合的闸控大型河网水文-水动力-水质耦合数学模型DHQM（Hydrology, Hydrodynamics, and Water Quality Model for Impounded Rivers）。模型由河道径流模拟、闸坝调度过程模拟、河道水质模拟、区间入流及入河污染负荷估算和水质预警实时校正等5个模块组成。模型可服务于水环境实时预警和调度,也可为闸坝水文环境效应的量化提供基础工具。     

解析法和数值法在丘陵地区矿坑涌水量预测中的比较

丘陵地区地下水资源不丰富,依赖于地下水的生态环境也比较脆弱。在开采该地区的矿产资源过程中,采矿排水对周边地下水资源的影响应成为值得注意的问题。以安徽省庐江县某一铁矿为例,采用解析法和数值法分别对该矿矿坑涌水量进行预测,并将两种方法的预测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：在-500 m开采条件下,计算结果分别为41991．44 m3/d和3150 m3/d,得出数值法更适合水文地质复杂条件下矿坑用水量的预测,且与实测结果较为吻合,具有一定实用性,可为矿山制定防排水方案提供依据。     

农户贫困脆弱性测度及其影响因素——基于秦巴山区的实证分析

防止致贫返贫、建立脱贫长效机制是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的关键落脚点。探究农户贫困脆弱性及其机制可为建立预防致贫返贫机制提供思路和借鉴。通过构建贫困脆弱性分析框架和测度体系,以秦巴山区为例,测度农户贫困脆弱性水平,分析贫困脆弱性差异,采用分位数回归模型揭示农户贫困脆弱性的影响因素。结果表明：① 农户贫困脆弱性水平均值为0.046,贫困脆弱性等级呈现“纺锤形”分布。② 农户贫困脆弱性水平及不同维度间差异明显。补贴依赖型、务农主导型农户受健康冲击或教育压力大且适应力薄弱,贫困脆弱性较高。多元型和纯务工型农户具有低风险与低敏感性,适应力较高,贫困脆弱性较低。③ 农户的暴露风险、适应力具有地域分异性,中山区农户自然风险较高且高贫困脆弱性的农户比例大;河谷川塬区农户的适应力较高。④ 建档立卡贫困识别与贫困脆弱性评估结果具有一定差异。⑤ 农户贫困脆弱性受家庭层面的户主受教育程度、健康水平、职业类型、社会连接度、政策依赖性、非农就业人数、生计多样性以及村域层面的地形起伏度、道路可达性、与河流的距离以及教育可及性等因素的影响。     

中国灾害风险与贫困互相关效应的理论分析与实证研究

在全球自然灾害频发和贫困长期且不均衡展布的背景下,灾害风险与贫困的联结成为学术界和利益相关者关注的焦点。基于自然灾害风险管理和社会-生态韧性评估的基本原理,系统论述了灾害致贫和贫困致险的作用机理与驱动路径,这种互相关效应称为灾害风险-贫困的“羁绊”;基于中国31个省（自治区、市）2010—2019年的面板数据,运用计量经济学回归分析方法,以证实减轻灾害风险和扶贫脱贫在省域尺度上存在双向加持的作用。结果表明：（1） 较高的致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性和脆弱性及复杂的灾害风险情景引发了人员伤亡、资产破坏和经济损失等多重负面影响,最终导致和加剧了经济、机会、能力和文化的多维度贫困;贫困群体农业生计和家庭资产的高暴露性和低韧性放大和累积了灾害风险。（2） 中国在脱贫攻坚和全面建设小康社会的进程中,减灾扶贫和脱贫降险的循环效应显著,籍此带来了乡村振兴、治理现代化等战略的属性加持。（3） 贫困致险的机制较为隐性且主要显现于广布型灾害风险情景,对其无视或轻视可能带来投资减灾失效、学科范式陷阱和不可持续发展等诸多后果。研究结果可为中国的减灾和扶贫协同发展提供理论依据和现实证据,并为贯彻落实经济、政治、文化、社会和生态文明建设“五位一体”战略,实现“双碳”目标和应对全球气候变化提供智力支撑。     

鮻作为清洁者在养殖系统中理论混养量的计算方法

通过量化计算鱼类鮻在养殖生态系统中鮻总氮清洁能力,利用数学叠代和逼近法构建量化鮻动态清洁能力的模型,精确计算鮻混养量理论值。运算结果表明:初始放养量为1 kg的鮻在水温21℃、90 d的养殖周期中清除有机颗粒氮469.60 g,自身作为养殖附加产品产出量为1542.01 g。