岩石圈板块变形物理模拟研究进展综述

岩石圈板块变形物理模拟是对板块构造演化的近似再现,代表了板块构造研究的一种主要方向。自然原型向实验模型的转换是模拟的理论基础,包括原型流变剖面的确定,原型与模型间比例关系的选取,实验模型流变剖面的建立。基于流变剖面的流变模型的结构为实验模型建构不仅提供了几何学、运动学以及动力学等方面的信息,而且在物质材料选取上提供物性方面的指导。文章最后对相关技术进行了阐述,并就华南-华北大陆板块碰撞模拟的关键问题进行了探讨。     

Experimental study on seismic behavior of semi-rigid connection between steel beam and concrete wall

Beam-column or beam-wall connections are an important problem in high-rise buildings. In this study, based on the analysis of an example structure, an analytical model for design of the semi-rigid connections between steel beams and RC walls in high-rise hybrid buildings is proposed. Also, the mechanical characteristics of these connections subjected to lowreversed cyclic loading are investigated through comparison of experimental results from three semi-rigid connections and two rigid connections. Moreover, some latent problems for design of these connections as well as the corresponding solutions are discussed. The results from the experiments and analyses indicate that semi-rigid connections exhibit satisfactory capacity and seismic performance, and the proposed design can be used in practice.     

人体对未破壁花粉消化过程实验分析

花粉是一种营养价值极高的天然保健食品。人体食用花粉是否需要破壁,历来有争议。选用玉米、油菜、荷花、荞麦、芝麻、茶花花粉进行人体直接食用与模拟人体不同消化酶消化的对比实验。结果表明：花粉不需破壁即可被人体消化,消化率在90％以上,人体保健花粉的最佳用量为5g／d。     

东营凹陷盐湖相天然气生成的热模拟试验

东营凹陷民丰地区沙四段是典型的盐湖相沉积,也是本区重要的烃源灶和天然气产层。为了研究不同盐类物质与烃源岩在高成熟阶段的相互作用,采用高压釜封闭体系模拟了东营凹陷盐湖相烃源岩的天然气生成过程。结果表明：碳酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化盐对烃源岩热解生成天然气有强催化作用,同烃源岩热解相比,550℃时气态烃产率分别增加了35%、77%和46%。在4组热模拟气的气态烃组成及热模拟气与民丰地区天然气的轻烃组分比较中发现,上述蒸发盐类不仅改变了气态烃产物中各单组分化合物的生成路径,影响了气态烃产物的组成,而且在盐类物质参与作用下,烃源岩热解的气态烃组成与民丰地区天然气更接近。     

Numerical modelling of in situ behaviour of the Callovo–Oxfordian argillite subjected to the thermal loading

To enhance the understanding of thermal impact on the in situ behaviour of the Callovo–Oxfordian argillite, this paper presents an interpretation of an in situ heating experiment carried out in the Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory (M/HM URL). The argillite was heated successively by two constant heating powers: 277 W and 925 W. When subjected to thermal loading, the argillite exhibits an important volume change and a strong pore pressure response that significantly affect its hydraulic and mechanical behaviour. Numerical analysis has been performed by using a coupled theoretical formulation that incorporates a constitutive model especially developed for this material. Based on Biot's theory, this model includes the influence of interstitial pressure on the mechanical behaviour. The simulation obtained reproduces satisfactorily the results of the in situ experiment and the main observed patterns of behaviour. The interpretation and discussion of numerical results provide additional data that can help us to understand the thermo-hydromechanical behaviour concepts of saturated argillite formation.     

Thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation of ATLAS in situ large scale test in Boom Clay

Following the need for understanding and quantifying the effect of temperature on the response of a candidate host formation for radioactive waste disposal, finite element modelling of an in situ thermal experiment has been carried out. Based on a thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) finite element approach including a consistent thermo-plastic constitutive model, it has been possible to reproduce the THM response of a clay formation submitted to in situ thermal loading. The simulated large-scale experiment, called ATLAS was designed in the underground research facility (HADES-URF) in Mol, Belgium. After an extensive literature analysis on the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical characteristics of Boom Clay, laboratory tests were simulated to calibrate model parameters. The results of the finite element modelling of the ATLAS experiment were compared with in situ measurements and revealed the necessity to account for flow diffusion in all three directions through a 2D axisymmetric analysis. Finally, those results were interpreted in the light of elasto-thermoplasticity, which emphasizes the significant role of thermo-plastic processes in the global THM response of the clay formation.     

Modelling of rutting of two flexible pavements with the shakedown theory and the finite element method

This paper presents a finite element program, for the modelling of rutting of flexible pavements. In its present version, the program incorporates a permanent deformation model for unbound granular materials based on the concept of the shakedown theory developed by Zarka for metallic structures under cyclic loadings and has been used to estimate the permanent deformations of unbound granular materials (UGM) subjected to traffic loading. The calculation is performed in two steps: the first step consists in modelling the resilient behaviour of the pavement in 3D, using non-linear elastic models, to determine the stress field in the pavement. Then stress paths are derived and used to calculate the permanent deformations and the displacements, using a Drucker–Prager yield surface. An application to the prediction of the permanent deformations of experimental pavements with an unbound granular base, tested on the LCPC pavement testing facility is presented.     

黄河上游河曲地区对流云催化增雨的数值模拟研究

应用中国科学院大气物理研究所开发的三维对流云模式,对青藏高原河曲地区强对流云的催化增雨效果及催化云的动力特征、微物理机制进行了模拟研究.模拟结果显示:黄河上游河曲地区的对流云具备一定的催化潜力.如果催化时机、部位选择适当,降水总量增加有望达到30%～50%,催化所产生的动力效果比较显著.催化剂的加入使得云中凝华潜热释放量增加,上升气流加强,云顶升高,云水平尺度也有所加大,地面降水区域扩大,降水时间延长.由于云中冰晶大量生成,导致过冷云水、雨水减少,暖雨过程迅速减弱,云中霰和冻滴量增多,其融化过程加强引起的降水增加远远超过了暖雨量的减少,总的增雨效果比较显著.敏感性实验表明,催化高度对增雨效果的影响最为显著,高于某一催化高度,有可能产生增雨防雹的好效果;低于某一催化高度,则会在防雹的同时使地面降水减少.对流云早期催化的增雨效果较好.一定范围内催化剂量的变化对增雨量影响不大,小剂量催化也有可能达到较好的增雨效果.     

岩石变形实验热红外观测系统

岩石变形导致的温度变化极其微弱 ,对观测系统与环境有严格要求。正确选择红外观测系统的参数 ,配备高灵敏度的温度场观测设备 ,以及有效地控制环境热背景决定了变形热红外实验结果的可靠性。在对噪声与干扰源进行详细分析的基础上 ,提出了进行热红外实验所需要的各主要设备的关键技术指标 ,并建立了一套相应的实验系统。典型材料样品实验表明 ,在考虑到变形热红外实验的各种特殊要求 ,认真选择观测设备 ,并进行了严格的误差校正之后 ,可以获得可靠的变形热过程信息     

微型桩组合抗滑结构受力机制的现场试验研究

针对有顶板连接的“八”字形微型桩组合结构,依托广大（广通至大理）线扩能改造工程,现场监测微型桩工作状态下轴力变化,对微型桩组合支护体系应用于分级开挖边坡加固的受力机制进行研究分析。结果表明：在滑坡推力作用下,各排桩桩身轴向力的分布形式不尽相同,沿推力方向依次呈现出反“S”型、“双弓”型和“S”型的分布规律;各排桩峰值轴力均为拉力,比例关系为：靠山侧桩:中间桩:靠路侧桩=2.5:4.1:3.2,其中靠山侧桩最大轴力出现在桩体下部,中间桩出现在中上部,靠路侧桩最大轴力出现在桩体上部;顶部承台对有斜桩的微型桩群的制约协调作用比一般的竖直桩群显著,水平荷载作用下的桩群易发生较大的挠曲变形,在群桩效应、坡体滑裂面等的综合影响下,引发桩体拉-压等受力形式的转变;组合结构的受力机制表现为先承受滑坡主推力的前两排桩受拉,第3排桩底部嵌固段受压,且随着持续推力作用受压区存在向上发展趋势;各单桩桩身轴力以拉力为主,有利于内部钢筋受拉优势的发挥。