新矿物丁道衡矿-（Ce）：珀硅钛铈矿的同质多象体和硅钛铈矿亚族C（1）位上的钛类似矿物

丁道衡矿-(Ce):(Ce,La)4Fe2 (Ti,Fe2 ,Mg,Fe3 )2Ti2Si4O22,理想的结构化学式Ce2Ce2Fe2 Ti2Ti2Si4O22单斜晶系,α=1.34656(15)nm,b=0.57356(6)nm,c=1.10977(12)nm,β=100.636(2)°,V=0.84239(46)nm3,空间群P21/a(假C2/m),Z=2.作为硅钛铈矿(chevkinite)族矿物的新成员,它产于举世闻名的白云鄂博铁.稀土.铌矿床镁夕卡岩中,多数单晶体长0.2～1.0 cm,最大者长大于1.5 cm.共生矿物有透辉石、透闪石、钠透闪石、褐帘石-(Ce)、磁铁矿、尖晶石、烧绿石、氟金云母、氟磷灰石、石英和萤石等.矿物具有褐色条痕和半金属一金属光泽的黑色,其褐黑色碎片半透明.性脆、具有贝壳状断口、无解理和裂开.显微硬度(VHN25g)为606.0～717.4 kg/mm/12(相当于摩氏硬度约5.9).矿物实测密度4.83(7)g/cm3,计算密度值4.88(0)g/cm3.丁道衡矿-(ce)的反射色为带灰色的浅黄色,多色性为不同色调的灰色.平均反射率(λ=589nm)为11.4%～12.5%.矿物为二轴晶负光性.作过结构精测的丁道衡矿-(Ce)晶体的电子探针测值:SiO2:19.29,TiO2:18.26,A12O3:0.04,FeO:8.49,Fe2O3,:1.67,ThO2:0.16,MgO:1.32,CaO:2.17,Nb2O5:0.47,Ta2O5:0.00,La2O3:19.53,Ce2O3:28.08,Y2O3:0.00,Na1O:0.01,总量99.46%;其中Fe3 /Fe2 的比值依穆斯堡尔谱换算.根据结构精测每个单位分子式中O=22和C(1)位上Ti优先占位,计算的矿物晶体化学式为(Ce2.13,La1.49Ca0.48Th0 01)Σ4.11Fe2 (Tin0.88Fe2 0.47Mg0.41 Fe0.0)Σ2.03(Ti1.96Nb0 04)Σ2.00(Si2O7)2O3.分别用P21/a和C2/m对丁道衡矿-(Ce)的晶体结构作了精测.结果表明,丁道衡矿-(Ce)的真空间群是P20/a.换言之,它才是真正珀硅钛铈矿[perrierite-(Ce)]的同质多象体.显而易见,硅钛铈矿族矿物既可以有P21/a空间群,又可以有C2/m空间群.     

基于单位四元数描述的单像空间后方交会

在3维空间里,四元数可以非常方便地表示空间方位、空间向量间的旋转、平移和缩放等关系。将四元数理论引入到摄影测量领域,用单位四元数对坐标旋转矩阵进行描述,提出了一种采用单位四元数描述航摄像片位置与姿态的单张像片空间后方交会新方法。该方法与传统方法相比,在平差时避免了频繁的三角函数运算,不仅收敛速度快,而且精度高。     

基于GIS的安庆市应急避难场所空间布局特征分析与优化

随着城市发展步伐的加快,火灾、爆炸、公共卫生事故、工程事故等人为灾害性事件频发,洪水、地震、台风等自然灾害也给城市居民的生命和财产安全造成了极大损失。由于城市规模和人口数量将越来越大,城市应急避难场所在城市规划中就显得更加重要。本文以安庆城区为例,根据城市人口分布状况以及城市总体的空间布局,分析应急避难场所的特征及其与城市的适应程度。采用GIS的空间查询、网络分析、最佳路径分析等功能,检验该市应急避难场所的合理性。针对城市规划中应急避难场所空间布局上不合理的问题,进行方案优化。研究结果将给安庆市应急避难场所的空间布局带来一定的借鉴作用。     

苏南都市圈城市地下空间资源开发利用现状与地质调查对策

地下空间资源是地表基质层中宝贵的自然资源之一,其作为城市有机体的重要组成部分,在未来城市建设中起着举足轻重的作用。苏南都市圈城市地下空间资源开发在全国处在领先地位,地下空间规划管理方面已形成较为完善的体系,城市地质调查也在全国率先实现全覆盖。依据地下空间资源开发现状和地质结构 “软硬”两个方面条件对苏南都市圈城市地下空间资源进行分类,划分为宁镇丘陵岗地型、苏锡常平原型和长江中下游冲积平原型三种类型。不同类型城市地下空间资源开发的地质背景和城市需求不尽相同,需根据实际情况定制不同的地下空间调查、规划、建设、管理体系。城市地下空间资源地质调查作为城市地质调查工作的延伸,需要提出更高的要求。本文从城市地下空间资源地质调查精度和深度、多参数多尺度一体化建模、地下空间资源评价、多种地下资源协同利用、地质资料信息数据库与平台建设等方面提出对策建议,用于指导未来城市地下空间资源调查的工程实践,为地质调查成果支撑城市地下空间全生命周期发展提供借鉴意义。     

A semi-analytical model for computation of capillary entry pressures and fluid configurations in uniformly-wet pore spaces from 2D rock images

A novel semi-analytical model for computation of capillary entry pressures and associated fluid configurations in arbitrary, potentially non-convex, 2D pore space geometries at uniform wettability is developed. The model computes all possible centre positions of circular arcs, and physically sound criteria are implemented to determine the set of these arcs that correspond to geometrically allowed interfaces. Interfaces and pore boundary segments are connected to form closed boundaries of identified geometrical regions. These regions are classified as either oil regions, located in the wider parts of the pore space, or as water regions located in pore space constrictions. All possible region combinations are identified and evaluated for each radius value in an iterative procedure to determine the favourable entry radius and corresponding configuration based on minimisation of free energy. The model has been validated by comparison with known analytical solutions in idealised pore geometries. In cases where different analytical solutions are geometrically possible, the model generates several oil and water regions, and the valid solution is determined by the region combination that corresponds to the most favourable entry pressure, consistent with the analytical solution. Entry pressure radii and configurations are computed in strongly non-convex pore spaces extracted from an image of Bentheimer sandstone, which demonstrates that the model captures successfully well-known characteristics of capillary behaviour at different wetting conditions. The computations also demonstrate the importance of selecting the fluid configuration of minimum change in free energy. In some cases, a merged region formed by a combination of oil and water regions corresponds to the favourable entry configuration of oil, whereas in other cases, an individual oil region may correspond to the favourable oil entry configuration. It is also demonstrated that oil entry configurations may constitute merged regions for weakly water-wet conditions and individual oil regions for strongly water-wet conditions in the same pore space. The computations show that the ratio of pore area to perimeter multiplied by the cosine of the contact angle under-predicts the entry pressure radii in Bentheimer sandstone pore spaces. An alternative formula is proposed for prediction of entry radii for nonzero contact angles based on the entry radii obtained for zero contact angles.     

相位空间内的解缠绕相位反演

全波形反演方法是一种数据域高精度反演方法, 该方法通过匹配观测数据与模拟数据的地震波形, 利用梯度法准确反演地下介质参数的分布情况.由于观测数据普遍缺少低频信息, 该方法易受周期跳跃现象影响.特别是当地下存在大尺度强反射界面的构造时, 地下介质的反演转化为强非线性问题求解.该情形下, 即使观测数据包含充足的低频信息, 全波形反演也难以给出准确的反演结果.一般可以通过减弱反演对初始模型参数的依赖性来克服上述问题, 具体表现为使用新变量（例如瞬时相位、包络等）代替目标函数中的采样后波场, 以增强新目标函数的凸性.但是, 对该新目标函数进行反演时, 伴随状态方程中存在关于新变量和波场的一个链式微分项, 该项保留了反演问题的非线性, 导致新的反演方法难以处理包含大尺度构造的强非线性反演问题.此外, 基于新变量的反演问题依然在波场空间中计算模型梯度, 难以充分利用新变量与模型参数之间的弱非线性关系.因此, 本文提出用频率域波动方程的相位形式代替传统的波动方程来消除伴随状态方程中的链式微分项, 用解缠绕的相位代替目标函数中采样前波场并在相位空间进行反演.该方法可以最大程度地利用地下介质参数和解缠绕相位之间的弱非线性关系, 从而削弱反演的非线性性.由于基于频率域波场计算得到相位有严重的缠绕问题, 本文采用基于振幅排序的多聚类算法来对相位进行解缠绕.虽然将介质参数到波场的映射替换为介质参数与解缠绕相位的映射, 会导致反演结果的分辨率有所下降, 但该方法可以在相位空间恢复介质参数的大尺度低波数分量.Marmousi模型测试证明了该方法的有效性和准确性, 针对部分BP模型的测试也证明了该方法处理强非线性问题的能力.

     

基于三维相空间法和稳健估算法的ADV流速数据后置处理效果研究

水流是影响藤壶、牡蛎、藻类等水生生物能否成功附着在渔业装备上的重要环境因素,水体流速的变化会改变藻类新陈代谢过程,制约藤壶与牡蛎幼虫大面积扩散。流速测量数据的准确性对研究渔业装备上附着生物的附着机制起到至关重要的作用。声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)是测量水体流速的重要设备。然而,水体中的气泡、大颗粒悬浮物等因素会影响ADV的相关系数和信噪比,从而导致流速数据中产生野点,降低了数据的准确性。本文基于国内外主流算法稳健估算法与三维相空间法,以ADV实际测量的流速数据为例,对比研究两种后置处理方法的检测效果。结果显示,稳健估算法平均检出率为4.95%,峰度系数平均下降77.71%,三维相空间法平均检出率为14.60%,峰度系数平均下降84.05%。综合分析,三维相空间法处理效果较好,其检测准确性高于稳健估算法,但存在过处理现象。建议在处理野点含量低于5%的数据时选用相空间法,而对于野点偏离样本平均值较远的数据时,可以选用稳健估算法。本文对减小流速数据误差,为准确定量研究水流对渔业装备附着生物的附着量与种类影响有着重要的意义。     

黄骅坳陷古近系沙一段下部碳酸盐岩成岩作用

黄骅坳陷古近系沙河街组沙一段下部发育一套厚20～60m的湖相碳酸盐岩,并在生物灰岩、鲕粒灰(云)岩和泥晶白云岩中显示丰富的油气,具有良好的勘探前景。通过对研究区沙一段下部10余口钻井岩心、薄片的宏观及微观观察,结合地球化学特征,对成岩作用类型及特征进行较详细的研究,探讨了成岩作用与储集空间演化的关系。研究发现区内沙一段下部碳酸盐岩的成岩演化过程复杂,各种成岩作用发育,储层质量的好坏受成岩作用影响明显。压实压溶作用、多期方解石和白云石的胶结作用导致粒间孔、生物体腔孔和格架孔大幅度减少;混合水白云石化作用、同生期-准同生期和埋藏期溶解作用是优质储层形成的关键,形成了大量的晶间孔、晶间溶孔、粒内溶孔、铸模孔、生物体腔孔、粒间溶孔和溶蚀缝,成为现今该层段的主要储集空间。     

湖南传统村镇感应空间规划研究

长期以来,国际规划界只注重村镇的功能规划,而忽视其感应空间的规划。根据感应与行为地理学的理论,一定的感应空间影响着一定空间中的人的行为。在自给自足的小农社会背景下形成的中国大批传统村镇,其感应空间仍然带有浓厚的封建、封闭、保守、内向等文化特点,远不能适应改革开放形势下市场经济的灵活、进取、外向等要求。文章以湖南省传统村镇为例,探讨了湖南张谷英村、德夯村等传统村镇感应空间的特点及其现代规划的原则和方法。     

Sedimentological and deformational criteria for discriminating subglaciofluvial deposits from subaqueous ice‐contact fan deposits: A Pleistocene example (Ireland)

A pit located near Ballyhorsey, 28 km south of Dublin (eastern Ireland), displays subglacially deposited glaciofluvial sediments passing upwards into proglacial subaqueous ice‐contact fan deposits. The coexistence of these two different depositional environments at the same location will help with differentiation between two very similar and easily confused glacial lithofacies. The lowermost sediments show aggrading subglacial deposits indicating a constrained accommodation space, mainly controlled by the position of an overlying ice roof during ice‐bed decoupling. These sediments are characterized by vertically stacked tills with large lenses of tabular to channelized sorted sediments. The sorted sediments consist of fine‐grained laminated facies, cross‐laminated sand and channelized gravels, and are interpreted as subglaciofluvial sediments deposited within a subglacial de‐coupled space. The subglaciofluvial sequence is characterized by glaciotectonic deformation structures within discrete beds, triggered by fluid overpressure and shear stress during episodes of ice/bed recoupling (clastic dykes and folds). The upper deposits correspond to the deposition of successive hyperpycnal flows in a proximal proglacial lake, forming a thick sedimentary wedge erosively overlying the subglacial deposits. Gravel facies and large‐scale trough bedding sand are observed within this proximal wedge, while normally graded sand beds with developed bedforms are observed further downflow. The building of the prograding ice‐contact subaqueous fan implies an unrestricted accommodation space and is associated with deformation structures related to gravity destabilization during fan spreading (normal faults). This study facilitates the recognition of subglacial/submarginal depositional environments formed, in part, during localized ice/bed coupling episodes in the sedimentary record. The sedimentary sequence exposed in Ballyhorsey permits characterization of the temporal framework of meltwater production during deglaciation, the impact on the subglacial drainage system and the consequences on the Irish Sea Ice Stream flow mechanisms.