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Estimates of canopy closure have many important uses in forest management and ecological research. Field measurements, however, are typically not practical to acquire over expansive areas or for large numbers of locations. This problem has been addressed, in recent years, through the use of airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology which has proven effective in modeling canopy closure remotely. The techniques developed to use LiDAR for this purpose have been designed and evaluated for datasets acquired during leaf-on conditions. However, a large number of LiDAR datasets are acquired during leaf-off conditions since their primary purpose is to generate bare-earth Digital Elevation Models. In this paper, we develop and evaluate techniques for leveraging small-footprint leaf-off LiDAR data to model leaf-on canopy closure in temperate deciduous forests.We evaluate three techniques for modeling canopy closure: (1) the canopy-to-total-return-ratio (CTRR), (2) the canopy-to-total-pixel-ratio (CTPR), and (3) the hemispherical-viewshed (HV). The first technique has been used widely, in various forms, and has been shown to be effective with leaf-on LiDAR datasets. The CTRR technique that we tested uses the first-return LiDAR data only. The latter two techniques are new contributions that we develop and present in this paper. These techniques use Canopy Height Models (CHM) to detect significant gaps in the forest canopy which are of primary importance in estimating closure.The techniques we tested each showed good promise for predicting canopy closure using leaf-off LiDAR data with the CTPR and HV models having particularly high correlations with closure estimates from hemispherical photographs. The CTRR model had performance on par with results from previous studies that used leaf-on LiDAR, although, with leaf-off data the model tended to be negatively biased with respect to species having simple and compound leaf types and positively biased for coniferous species. The CTPR and HV models also showed some slight negative biases for compound-leaf species. The biases for the CTPR and HV models were mitigated when the CHM data were smoothed to fill in small gaps. The CHM-based models were robust to changes in the CHM model resolution which suggests that these methods may be applicable to a variety of small-footprint LiDAR datasets. In this research, the new CTPR and HV methods showed a strong ability to predict canopy closure using leaf-off data, however, future work will be needed to test the applicability of the models to variations in LiDAR datasets, forest types, and topography. 相似文献
994.
This special issue (SI) ‘A Tribute to Edward P. Glenn (1947-2017): A legacy of Scientific Environmental Assessment and Applications in Hydrological Processes’ is a celebration of the extensive work of Dr. Ed Glenn that was instrumental across multiple sub-disciplines of hydrology. The SI highlights four primary areas of hydrological processes that are cornerstones of Ed Glenn's over four decades of research. These contributions cover the following specialties: (i) Hydrology in the Colorado River Delta; (ii) Riparian ecosystem water use; (iii) Riparian Plant ecophysiology and ecohydrology; and (iv) Methods and models to characterize evapotranspiration. Since Ed was passionate about the dryland delta at the end of the Colorado River, we begin with four research studies that focus on this special region on the U.S.–Mexico border which encompasses four states (Baja and Sonora in Mexico and California and Arizona in United States) as well as tribal communities in the transboundary area. The Colorado River delta reaches the Northern Gulf of California in the Sea of Cortez which has been designated as a UNESCO international biosphere reserve (‘Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar’), which includes the Upper Gulf of California and Delta of the Colorado River (‘Reserva de la Biosfera Alto Golfo de California y Delta del Río Colorado’). Ed spent the majority of his last three decades on water balance studies and on ground-based transpiration quantification for validation of satellite and airborne remote sensing methods. We wrap up the special issue with contributions related to improving satellite and airborne remote sensing estimation of actual evapotranspiration. It is our pleasure to summarize the 16 research studies contributed to the special issue to honour Ed Glenn's research interests. 相似文献
995.
Stemflow on the woody parts of plants: dependence on rainfall intensity and event profile from laboratory simulations
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David Dunkerley 《水文研究》2014,28(22):5469-5482
This paper presents the first experimental study of how rainfall intensity and event profile affects stemflow behaviour on the rigid branches and stems of leafless, woody plants. Constant intensity rainfall simulation experiments showed that stemflow fraction rises with intensity. Varying intensity experiments showed that the stemflow fraction and stemflow flux vary with the rainfall event intensity profile and peak intensity. Stemflow fraction tends to be larger when intensity peaks occur early in the rainfall event, and variable intensity events exhibited peak stemflow fluxes >3 times those seen in constant intensity events. Moreover, experiments in which incident drop energy was reduced by a mesh screen suspended above the test plant commonly showed increases of >100% (and exceeding 300% under particular intensity profiles) in stemflow fraction, depth and peak stemflow flux. The results suggest that the development of trickle pathways along woody branches is facilitated by rain of moderate intensity and that splash dislodgement of attached water progressively reduces the adhesion of drops during intense rainfall. Thus, in plants with extensive woody branches, it is not merely rainfall intensity that determines stemflow fraction but the temporal variations in rainfall intensity. This offers a new explanation for increased stemflow production when trees are leafless, than when foliage is present, in terms of the reduced intensity peaks during rain in the dormant season. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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997.
Pollen–climate reconstruction from northern South Island,New Zealand (41°S), reveals varying high‐ and low‐latitude teleconnections over the last 16 000 years
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998.
本文分析了空间重力异常精度对水准测量高差重力异常改正的影响。在江苏两处试验区分别采用实测重力和布格异常数据库两种改正方法,计算测段重力异常改正值,对比两者间的差异。结果表明:未顾及地形起伏的实测重力点分布是导致两种改正方法改正值差异大的主要因素;地形起伏较大区域,水准线路出现转折或倾斜过大时,需加测重力,采用实测重力进行水准测量高差重力异常改正;平坦小区域内,利用布格异常数据库与实测重力进行水准测量高差重力异常改正的精度相当。 相似文献
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选择海拔为3 762m(低海拔样地)和4 137m(高海拔样地)处囊种草(Thylacospermum caespitosum)群落作为研究样地,分别选取9个直径约50cm的囊种草丛,测定其下土壤的养分、水分和温度等指标,并以邻近无囊种草生长区域的土壤为对照,试图揭示囊种草对土壤微环境的修饰作用对海拔的响应。结果表明:囊种草的生长提高了其下土壤养分含量;改善了土壤水分状况;调节了土壤温度,在其冠层下维持了一个温度较为恒定的环境。随着海拔升高,环境条件的恶劣程度加大,环境压力增大,高海拔样地的土壤养分、水分和温度均低于低海拔样地,而囊种草对这些土壤环境条件的改善作用则随海拔的升高而加强。 相似文献