南亚热带丘陵赤红壤理化性质变化及其原因

本文研究了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤物理、化学性质变 (退 )化的特征及其原因。结果表明 ,丘陵赤红壤在物理性质退化方面 ,主要表现在土壤团聚体稳定性下降、土壤孔隙性和土壤水分性能变劣 ;在化学性质退化方面 ,主要表现在养分贫瘠化、保肥供肥能力降低。植被破坏会引起土壤养分减少、保肥供肥能力降低 ,有机质的减少是丘陵赤红壤物理性质退化的主要原因。有必要保护植被、提高土壤有机质含量 ,以防止丘陵赤红壤理化性质退化     

风砂土基本性质及其与土工格栅作用试验

对库布齐沙地、毛乌素沙地和腾格里沙地的调查和现场采取土样,试验测试了风砂土的物理力学性质指标和矿物化学成分,研究并提出了库布齐和腾格里风砂土粒度成分、化学成分的同一性,以及与毛乌素风砂土的差异性,这是由于土的成因与环境条件所至。对比分析了天然重度与干重度相差很小,最疏松状态下和最密实状态下干重度的也较接近,可用于控制填土密实度。在直剪摩擦和拉拔摩擦试验基础上,研究了土工格栅加筋风砂土产生的φ值和具有类似内聚力的c值,土工格栅与土摩擦形成的复合材料改善和增强了力学与工程性能的原因以及土工格栅所起的作用。     

Influence of Gas Hydrate on the Acoustic Properties of Sediment: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Experimental Measurements

In recent years, natural gas hydrate has attracted increasing attention worldwide as a potential alternative energy source due to its attributes of wide distribution, large reserves, and low carbon. Since the acoustic characteristics of hydrate-bearing reservoirs clearly differ from those of adjacent formations, an acoustic approach, using seismic and acoustic logging, is one of the most direct, effective and widely used methods among the identification and characterization techniques for hydrate reservoir exploration. This review of research on the influence of hydrate (content and distribution) on the acoustic properties (velocity and attenuation) of sediments in the past two decades includes experimental studies based on different hydrate formation methods and measurements, as well as rock physics models. The main problems in current research are also pointed out and future prospects discussed.     

盾构法隧道衬砌施工阶段受力特性的三维有限元模拟

拼装衬砌是盾构隧道主要承重结构,其受力性能的好坏直接影响到隧道安全,因此,正确分析拼装衬砌的受力特征,对于衬砌的合理设计非常重要。而且,施工阶段作用在盾构衬砌的荷载与使用阶段相比存在很大差异。通过运用可以考虑接触问题的三维有限元对连续模型及通、错缝拼装的隧道衬砌在施工阶段的受力性能进行了分析,得出衬砌的应力变形规律,为盾构隧道衬砌的设计提供有益的参考。     

破碎砂岩渗透特性与孔隙率关系的试验研究

利用一种专利装置与MTS815.02型岩石力学试验系统,进行了破碎砂岩的稳态渗透试验,得到了不同孔隙率下破碎砂岩的渗透率和非Darcy流 因子。通过线性回归得到了渗透率、非Darcy流 因子与孔隙率之间的关系。认为破碎岩石的渗透特性主要是由孔隙率决定的,孔隙率不仅与当前的应力有关,更取决于加载历史。研究表明,水在破碎砂岩中的渗流一般不服从Darcy定律,而服从Forchheimer关系,特别是在小孔隙率下,非Darcy性更为突出;渗透率、非Darcy流 因子与孔隙率之间的关系可用幂函数拟合。     

First isolation and characterization of a new species of Vibrio from diseased flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus Temminck et Schlegel)

Appropriate pathogenic bacteria were isolated from diseased (or dead) flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus L) occurring in a mariculture farms of Qinhuangdao, which all diseased fishes expressed bacterial septicaemia. The phenotypic information of the 12 pure cultures was studied extensively, including morphological characteristics, colony characteristics in different media, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the mole fraction G C ratio of the DNA for representative strain. The results show that the isolates belong to a new species of Vibrio, and are designated as Vibrio qinhuangdaora sp.nov, by the area from which the diseased flounders are collected (Qinhuangdao) based on its biological properties following Rules of International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. At the same time,studies on the serum homology ofisolates, and pathogenicity of isolates were conducted by experimental infection. The results show that all the isolates are of serologic similarity, and the isolates have strong pathogenicity to flounder. The studies can extensively reflect the main biological properties of this new species of Vibrio.     

中国黄海、东海和南海北部海底浅层沉积物声学物理性质之比较

黄海、东海和南海北部海底沉积物声学物理性质存在着差异,这与海区海底地质和沉积环境有关。取样所及的海底沉积物样品分析表明:黄海实验海区海底有6种沉积类型,东海实验海区海底有3种沉积类型,南海北部大陆架海区海底有6种沉积类型。三个海区的沉积物密度为1.48～2.03g·cm-3;沉积物含水量为10%～90%;沉积物孔隙度为65%～80%;沉积物纵波声速为1460～1916m·s-1;沉积物横波声速为115～611m·s-1。     

Hysteretic freezing characteristics of riparian peatlands in the Western Boreal Forest of Canada

Freezing characteristics were investigated for a sedge covered floating fen and spruce covered swamp located beside a shallow lake in the Western Boreal Forest of Canada. Thermal properties were measured in situ for one freeze‐thaw cycle, and for two freeze‐thaw cycles in laboratory columns. Thermal conductivity and liquid water content were related to a range of subsurface temperatures above and below the freezing thresholds, and clearly illustrate hysteresis between the freezing and thawing process. Thermal hysteresis occurs because of the large change in thermal conductivity between water and ice, high water content of the peat, and wide variation in pore sizes that govern ice formation. Field and laboratory results were combined to develop linear freezing functions, which were tested in a heat transfer model. For surface temperature boundary conditions, subsurface temperatures were simulated for the over‐winter period and compared with field measurements. Replication of the transient subsurface thermal regime required that freezing functions transition gradually from thawed to frozen state (spanning the ?0·25 to ?2 °C range) as opposed to a more abrupt step function. Subsurface temperatures indicate that the floating fen underwent complete phase change (from water to ice) and froze to approximately the same depth as lake ice thickness. Therefore, the floating fen peatland froze as a ‘shelf’ adjacent to the lake, whereas the spruce covered swamp had a higher capacity for thermal buffering, and subsurface freezing was both more gradual and limited in depth. These thermal properties, and the timing and duration of frozen state, are expected to control the interaction of water and nutrients between surface water and groundwater, which will be affected by changes in air temperature associated with global climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydraulic properties of peat soils along a bulk density gradient—A meta study

Our understanding of hydraulic properties of peat soils is limited compared with that of mineral substrates. In this study, we aimed to deduce possible alterations of hydraulic properties of peat soils following degradation resulting from peat drainage and aeration. A data set of peat hydraulic properties (188 soil water retention curves [SWRCs], 71 unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves [UHCs], and 256 saturated hydraulic conductivity [K_s] values) was assembled from the literature; the obtained data originated from peat samples with an organic matter (OM) content ranging from 23 to 97 wt% (weight percent; and according variation in bulk density) representing various degrees of peat degradation. The Mualem‐van Genuchten model was employed to describe the SWRCs and UHCs. The results show that the hydraulic parameters of peat soils vary over a wide range confirming the pronounced diversity of peat. Peat decomposition significantly modifies all hydraulic parameters. A bulk density of approximately 0.2 g cm^?3 was identified as a critical threshold point; above and below this value, macroporosity and hydraulic parameters follow different functions with bulk density. Pedotransfer functions based on physical peat properties (e.g., bulk density and soil depth) separately computed for bog and fen peat have significantly lower mean square errors than functions obtained from the complete data set, which indicates that not only the status of peat decomposition but also the peat‐forming plants have a large effect on hydraulic properties. The SWRCs of samples with a bulk density of less than 0.2 g cm^?3 could be grouped into two to five classes for each peat type (botanical composition). The remaining SWRCs originating from samples with a bulk density of larger than 0.2 g cm^?3 could be classified into one group. The Mualem‐van Genuchten parameter values of α can be used to estimate K_s if no K_s data are available. In conclusion, the derived pedotransfer functions provide a solid instrument to derive hydraulic parameter values from easily measurable quantities; however, additional research is required to reduce uncertainty.     

Comparison of column-integrated aerosol optical and physical properties in an urban and suburban site on the North China Plain

The column-integrated optical properties of aerosol in Beijing and Xianghe, two AErosol RObotic NETwork(AERONET)sites situated on the North China Plain(NCP), are investigated based on Cimel sunphotometer measurements from October2004 to June 2012. The outstanding feature found is that the seasonal medians of aerosol optical depth(AOD) at the two stations are in good agreement. The correlation coefficients and the absolute differences between AOD at the two stations are larger than 0.84 and less than 0.05, respectively. Good agreement in AOD at these two sites(one urban and the other suburban; 70 km apart) indicates that aerosol pollution in the Greater Beijing area is regional in nature. However, we find significant differences in the absorption ?Angstr ¨om Exponent(AAE), the real and imaginary part of the refractive index, and thereby the single scattering albedo(SSA), and the difference is seasonally dependent. The feature is found to be more prominent in fall when the fine-mode fraction(FMF) and fine-mode effective radius are significantly different at the two stations,besides the parameters mentioned above. The SSA in Beijing at four wavelengths shows lower values as compared to those in Xianghe, although the difference is not significant in some cases. Significant differences in AAE and fine-mode effective radius indicate that there are differences in aerosol physical and chemical properties in urban and suburban regions on the NCP.