Response of Microbial Communities in Soil to Multi-level Warming in a Highland Barley System of the Lhasa River

No studies have examined the effect of experimental warming on the microbial biomass and community composition of soil in agricultural ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Thus it is unclear whether the influences of experimental warming on microbial communities in soil are related to warming magnitude in croplands on this Plateau. This study performed warming experiment (control, low- and high-level) in a highland barley system of the Lhasa River in May 2014 to examine the correlation between the response of microbial communities in soil to warming and warming magnitude. Topsoil samples (0-10 and 10-20 cm) were collected on September 14, 2014. Experimental warming at both low and high levels significantly increased soil temperature by 1.02 ℃ and 1.59 ℃, respectively at the depth of 15 cm. Phospho lipid fatty acid (PLFA) method was used to determine the microbial community in soil. The low-level experimental warming did not significantly affect the soil’s total PLFA, fungi, bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), actinomycetes, gram-positive bacteria (G⁺), gram-negative bacteria (G^-), protozoa, the ratio of fungi to bacteria (F/B ratio), and ratio of G⁺ to G^- (G⁺/G^- ratio) at the 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth. The low-level experimental warming also did not significantly alter the composition of microbial community in soil at the 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth. The high-level experimental warming significantly increased total PLFA by 74.4%, fungi by 78.0%, bacteria by 74.0%, AMF by 66.9%, actinomycetes by 81.4%, G⁺ by 67.0% and G^- by 74.4% at the 0-10 cm depth rather than at 10-20 cm depth. The high-level experimental warming significantly altered microbial community composition in soil at the 0-10 cm depth rather than at 10-20 cm depth. Our findings suggest that the response of microbial communities in soil to warming varied with warming magnitudes in the highland barley system of the Lhasa River.     

Interaction of copper with fatty acids in Soxhlet extraction and its influence

Treatment with metallic copper for the removal of elemental sulfur from bitumen extracted from sedimentary rocks or petroleum is the most widely used method. Little attention has been paid, however, to its disadvantages. It was observed that copper can interact with some polar organic substances during conventional sulfur removal, which can strongly influence the quantitative and qualitative determination of bitumen, as has been confirmed by interaction of long-chain fatty acids with copper. The copper soap generated was analyzed by element analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry （ICP-OES）, thermal analysis （TG-DSC） and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy （FFIR）. Mechanism of the interaction was investigated and elucidated. Our experimental results would necessitate improvement of the present method for sulfur removal and/or a search for a new one.     

区域酸性沉降的数值研究 I. 模式

建立了一个三维时变的欧拉型区域酸性污染物沉降模式，模式包括源排放、平流输送、湍流扩散、干沉积、气相化学、液相化学及湿清除等六大部分。考虑到计算条件的承受能力和应用性的要求，在把握酸沉降形成的关键过程的前提下，合理地简化设计模式。相对于国内已有的工作，本模式在干沉积、气相化学、液相化学和湿清除等方面均有所改进。     

The acid neutralizing capacity （ANC） of South Africa＇s freshwater ecosystems

Acidification is considered the most important one of the primary chemical stress factors that impact on freshwater ecosystems. In unpolluted freshwater systems, the primary controls on the degree of acidification are factors such as the geological substrate of the catchment area, the presence of organic acids secreted by vegetation in the river system, and equilibrium exchange of carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. Anthropogenic factors that can impact on the degree of acidification of freshwater systems include agricultural, mining and industrial activities, either through direct runoff into river systems or through deposition of atmospheric pollutants from these sources. The capacity factors alkalinity and acidity, which represent the acid- and base-neutralizing capacity （ANC and BCN） of an aqueous system, have been used as more reliable measures of the acidic character of freshwater systems than pH. Unlike pH, ANC and BNC are not affected by parameters such as temperature and pressure. Therefore, ANC has been employed as a predictor of biological status in critical load assessments. Freshwater systems with ANC＇s eq/L isμeq/L are considered sensitive to acidification, ANC=0 μbelow 150 commonly used as the predictor for fish species such as trout in lakes, and an eq/L as more realistic for streams. Acid-neutralizing capacity μANC value of 40 （ANC） can be determined by titration with a strong acid to a preselected equivalence point. Alternatively, it can be calculated as the difference between base cations （[BC]） and strong acid anions （[SAA]）： ANC=[BC]- [SAA]=[Ca^2＋]＋[Mg^2＋]＋[Na^＋]＋[K^＋]-[SO4^2-]-[NO3^-]-[Cl^-] To date, there has been no attempt to establish the ANC of South Africa＇s freshwater ecosystems or variability therein, despite the fact that long-term water quality monitoring data exist for all the parameters needed to calculate it according to the above equations. As a result, the relationship between the acid neutralizing capacity of freshwater ecosystems in South Africa and biodiversity factors, such as fish status, is unknown. Results of the first comprehensive （country-wide scale） evaluation of the acid neutralizing capacity of river systems in South Africa will be presented. Long-term monitoring data obtained from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry （DWAF） from most of South Africa＇s river systems were used to establish geographic and temporal variabilities in ANC. The results show that the Berg and Breede River systems are most susceptible to acidification, and that geological substrate appears to explain most of the geographic variabilities observed.     

ICP-AES双向测定土壤中铜、锰、钒、锌金属元素的对比研究

本文采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)轴向和径向测定土壤中铜、锰、钒、锌四种金属元素的含量,比较分析了在不同三酸[硝酸(HNO3)、氢氟酸(HF)、高氯酸(HCLO4)]用量(配比)下对5种国家标准物质的消解性差异和对四种元素轴向和径向测定结果的影响。结果表明:(1)消解过程中f、g、h配比的三酸消解速度较快,d、e次之,a、b、c相对较慢。(2)对于低含量试样径向观测对轴向观测灵敏度较高;同时三酸消解用量不同,其结果差异性不明显,而发现中高含量范围内横向观测比径向观测相对偏差较小,说明了轴向观测效果较好。(3)通过采用f配比的三酸经过前处理进行稳定性分析,结果可知标准偏差(SD)均小于10,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,对于高含量锰元素横向观测较径向观测稳定性高,其余元素差异性不明显。     

Comparative Analysis of Nutrient Composition of Caulerpa lentillifera from Different Regions

This study investigated the difference of nutrient composition in Caulerpa lentillifera collected from different regions.The nutrient compositions of C.lentillifera from China's Hainan and Shandong provinces were determined and compared with those from Semporna(Malaysia),Sabah(Malaysia),Petchburi(Thailand),and two other species of seaweeds(Malaysia).The results showed that the polysaccharide and protein contents of C.lentillifera from Hainan(44.82%±0.98%and 12.5%±0.70%),Shandong(43.22%±1.42%and 14.7%±0.72%),Petchburi(59.27%±2.31%and 12.49%±0.30%),and Sabah(44.02%±2.01%and 19.38%±1.48%)were higher than those of Eucheuma cottonii(26.49%±3.01%and 9.76%±1.33%)and Sargassum polycystum(33.49%±1.70%and 5.40%±0.07%),respectively.The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in C.lentillifera from Hainan(29.98%)and Shandong(22.11%)were higher than that in Semporna(16.76%±0.27%),Sabah(9.49%),and S.polycystum(20.34%±0.43%),but lower than that in E.cottonii(51.55%±0.57%).In Caulerpa lentillifera of Hainan and Shandong provinces,the essential amino acid(EAA)/total amino acid(TAA)ratios were 35.22%and 38.78%,respectively;and the EAA/ETAA ratios were 54.36%and 63.35%,respectively.The EAA composition of C.lentillifera was close to the ideal model of Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.C.lentillifera was rich in mineral elements,including calcium((3315.85±127.55)mg(100 g)^-1 and(3728.35±92.38)mg(100 g)^-1),magnesium((6715.74±82.58)mg(100 g)^-1 and(8128.59±242.72)mg(100 g)^-1),and trace elements,including iron((510.65±5.47)mg(100 g)^-1 and(1972.97±183.35)mg(100 g)^-1),selenium((1.04±0.08)mg(100 g)^-1 and(0.83±0.15)mg(100 g)^-1),and zinc((33.90±0.13)mg(100 g)^-1 and(11.75±2.05)mg(100 g)^-1).These results showed that C.lentillifera was more nutritious than S.polycystum or E.cottonii in terms of polysaccharide,protein,and fatty acid contents.Furthermore,both C.lentillifera species collected from Hainan and Shandong provinces show more basic nutrients.Therefore,C.lentillifera has important development and application prospects.     

广州地区酸雨长期变化趋势分析

根据1992—2012年的酸雨观测记录,对广州地区的酸雨变化特征及其长期趋势进行了统计分析。结果表明,近21年,广州地区酸雨年、季、月变化明显,降水年均pH最低出现在1998年,其年均pH为3.43,最高出现在2012年,其年均pH为4.65。降水pH大体经历了两个阶段,1998年以前降水pH呈现波动式下降,平均变化率约为-0.14a-1,1999年后降水pH逐年增大,特别是2009年后降水pH稳步增长,平均变化率约为0.03a-1;春季酸雨污染严重,夏、秋季次之,而冬季酸雨污染相对较轻;各月降水pH均较低,pH最高月出现在12月,平均值为4.36,2月pH最低,为3.95。在污染源稳定的情况下,降水强度影响pH,降水量增大时,降水pH越高,降水电导率K也越低;风速越大,降水pH则越高,降水电导率K则越小,酸雨发生频率也越小;风向影响降水pH,出现偏西风时,酸雨污染相对严重。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定重晶石中的硫酸钡方法研究

应用XRF可快速测定重晶石中钡元素的总量,但当测定硫酸钡含量时,由于样品中的碳酸钡计入钡量造成硫酸钡的测定结果不准确,铜、铅、锌等有色金属元素对熔样坩埚会造成损害,需要进行酸处理除去碳酸钡、铅等干扰。而样品经酸处理后不同样品的剩余量不同,造成熔剂与样品的比例不确定,也不能准确测定硫酸钡的含量,因此保证熔剂与样品比例一致是解决该问题的关键。本文优化了样品前处理、熔片制样和仪器工作条件,将一定量样品以10%盐酸和10%硝酸溶解,过滤除去碳酸钡、硫酸钙及铜、铅、锌等有色金属元素,未溶解样品在700℃下灼烧后以氧化铝补充到原取样量,实现了熔剂与样品比例一致,再以硝酸铵作氧化剂,溴化锂和碘化铵作脱模剂,1075℃熔融制片,即可用XRF准确测定硫酸钡的含量。本方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于0.4%,检出限为72μg/g,较ICP-OES等方法的检测周期短、干扰元素少,提高了测试效率和分析质量。     

近160年来闽浙泥质区游离态脂肪酸的分布特征及其环境指示意义

闽浙泥质区沉积物中的有机质来源复杂,记录着自然气候环境演变和人类活动的大量信息。本研究对该泥质区2站位岩芯中脂类生物标志物——游离态脂肪酸近160年来的分布特征进行对比分析,发现其沉积物样品游离态脂肪酸均以微藻类和细菌等海洋自生生物源为主,陆源高等植物贡献较少。结果进一步表明,东亚季风、黑潮和太平洋十年涛动（PDO）等自然气候环境因素变化主导了海源游离态脂肪酸总量：20世纪明显高于19世纪,20世纪70年代末至90年代初异常发育;长江全流域洪水事件（1998年、1954年和1931年）致使该泥质区陆源游离态脂肪酸异常增加,海源则减少。人类活动则主导了20世纪60年代之后游离态脂肪酸的持续增加,尤以海源增加最为显著;长江三峡大坝建设影响了硅藻的生长。i-C_15：0%指标反演该泥质区的低氧程度20世纪50年代后呈显著增加趋势,80年代中期后进一步加剧。

     

脂类分析在海洋微藻化学分类学上的研究进展

总结了目前脂类研究在海洋微藻化学分类学上的研究进展。所有的海洋微藻脂类都含一定的脂肪酸和甾醇,而不同种类的海洋微藻都有其特殊的脂肪酸和甾醇组成特征,我们可以运用这些特性来判别微藻可能所处的化学分类学地位：如果运用从某些藻类中发现的部分罕见脂类成分,还有可能对微藻的个别种类进行确定。随着对微藻中脂类物质分离,提取、纯化技术研究的不断深入,加上质谱、核磁共振等结构分析手段和脂类衍生化技术的日益完善,可以构建海洋微藻脂类物质组成结构快速查询信息库,并使其成为微藻化学分类的一个重要辅助手段。