Sensitivity of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG （GAMILI.I.0） Climate Simulations to Cloud Droplet Effective Radius and Liquid Water Path

This paper documents a study to examine the sensitivity to cloud droplet effective radius and liquid water path and the alleviation the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface in the latest version of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics （LASG）, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （IAP） （GAMIL1.1.0）. Considerable negative biases in all flux components, and thus an energy imbalance, are found in GAMIL1.1.0. In order to alleviate the energy imbalance, two modifications, namely an increase in cloud droplet effective radius and a decrease in cloud liquid water path, have been made to the cloud properties used in GAMIL. With the increased cloud droplet effective radius, the single scattering albedo of clouds is reduced, and thus the reflection of solar radiation into space by clouds is reduced and the net solar radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere is increased. With the reduced cloud optical depth, the net surface shortwave radiation flux is increased, causing a net warming over the land surface. This results in an increase in both sensible and latent heat fluxes over the land regions, which is largely balanced by the increased terrestrial radiation fluxes. Consequently, the energy balance at the top of atmosphere and at the surface is achieved with energy flux components consistent with available satellite observations.     

Retrieval of Liquid Water Path Inside Nonprecipitating Clouds Using TMI Measurements

Quantitative estimates of liquid water path （LWP） in clouds using satellite measurements are critical to understanding of cloud properties and the assessment of global climate change. In this paper, the relationship between microwave brightness temperature （TB） and LWP in the nonprecipitating clouds is studied by using satellite microwave measurements from the TRMM Microwave Imager （TMI） onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM）, together with a radiative transfer model for microwave radiance calculations. Radiative transfer modeling shows that the sensitivity is higher at both 37.0- and 85.5-GHz horizontal polarization channels for the LWP retrievals. Also, the differences between the retrieved values responding to TBs of various channels and the theoretical values are displayed by the model. Based upon above simulations, with taking into account the factor of resolution and retrieval bias for a single,channel, a nonprecipitating cloud LWP in the summer subtropical marine environment retrieval algorithm is formulated by the combination of the two TMI horizontal polarization channels, 37.0 and 85.5 GHz. Moreover,by using TMI measurements （1Bll）, this algorithm is applied to retrieving respectively LWPs for clear sky, nonprecipitating clouds, and typhoon precipitating clouds. In the clear sky case, the LWP cl~anges from -1 to 1 g m-2, and its mean value is about 10^-5 g m^-2. It indicates that, using this combination retrieval algorithm, there are no obvious systemic deviations when the LWP is low enough. The LWP values varying from 0 to 1000 g m^-2 in nonprecipitating clouds are reasonable, and its distribution pattern is very similar to the detected results in the visible channel of Visible and Infrared Scanner （VIRS） on the TRMM. In typhoon precipitating clouds, there is much more proportion of high LWP in the mature phase than the early stage. When surface rainfall rate is lower than 5 mm h^-1, the LWP increases with increasing rainfall rate.     

Automatic substepping integration of the subloading tij model with stress path dependent hardening

This paper discusses the numerical integration of the subloading tij model. This is an elastoplastic model with stress path dependent hardening, which can predict the behaviour of normally consolidated clays or loose sands, as well as of over-consolidated clays or dense sands, with a small number of material parameters. Three features distinguish the subloading tij model from the conventional ones: (a) the use of a modified stress space given by tensor t_ij; (b) the split of the plastic strain increments in two components leading to a stress path dependent hardening; and (c) the use of two yield surfaces (subloading yield surface and normal yield surface). This last feature is based on the concept of sub-yielding stress states and adds an extra internal strain-like hardening variable, related to the relative density state, which demands its own evolution law. The three characteristics above greatly improve the prediction capabilities of the model, with respect to those of the well-known Cam clay model, at the cost of only two additional parameters. Nonetheless, the numerical integration of the constitutive equations of subloading tij model is a bit challenging, mainly due to the stress path dependent hardening. In order to integrate the equations of subloading tij model in the same way as for any conventional model, the authors reformulated its equations in a simpler and direct manner. Here, these equations are integrated using multi-step explicit schemes, such as modified-Euler and Runge–Kutta–Dormand–Price, with automatic error control. Simple forward-Euler scheme is also used for the sake of comparison. The results show that the modified-Euler scheme is more accurate as well as faster than the other schemes analysed over a wide range of error tolerance. Besides, the automatic feature of these schemes is a great convenience for the users of numerical codes.     

大别山朱家冲高压榴辉岩变质演化特征分析

研究表明大别山朱家冲榴辉岩属于典型的高压榴辉岩,其具有复杂的变质演化历史。根据岩相学、矿物成份化学和热力学分析表明,该类榴辉岩记录了6期变质过程,具有“顺时针”的P?T演化轨迹。由Ⅰ?阶段、Ⅱ?阶段至Ⅲ?阶段显示了近于等温增压进变质特征,并在 Ⅲ?阶段压力值最高达到P＝2.53 GPa; Ⅳ?阶段和Ⅴ?阶段则表现为增温降压退变过程,温度在 Ⅴ?阶段最高达到T＝627 ℃; 到Ⅵ?阶段则为降温降压过程。该过程暗示了高压板片在俯冲和折返过程中可能处于一个非匀速的状态。推测朱家冲榴辉岩后期增温退变的过程可能是源于受扰动的地温线恢复、超高压榴辉岩退变过程的“散热”以及该类榴辉岩对温度变化极为敏感所致。     

The Effect of the Stress Path on Squeezing Behavior in Tunneling

Summary  The interplay between support systems and the rock when tunneling under squeezing conditions is normally studied by means of two-dimensional analyses. The present paper shows that the underlying plane strain assumption involved in a two-dimensional analysis may lead, under certain conditions, to ground pressure and deformation values that are considerably lower than those produced by stress analyses that take into account spatial effects in the vicinity of the tunnel face. The differences are due to the stress path dependency in the elasto-plastic behavior of the ground and, more specifically, to the inability of the plane strain model to map the actual radial stress history, which involves a complete radial unloading (and, later, a re-loading) of the tunnel boundary over the unsupported span. This inherent weakness of any plane strain analysis is relevant from the design standpoint, particularly for heavily squeezing conditions that require a yielding support. For the majority of tunneling conditions and methods, however, involving as they do the completion of a stiff support within a few meters of the face, the errors introduced by the plane strain assumption are not important from a practical point of view.     

论中国未来城镇化道路的选择

中国未来的城市化政策应该有利于打破城乡分割体制的限制,并促进资源和要素按照市场的原则合理地向不同规模等级的城镇集中。中国城镇化应当按照"以市场为导向,大中小为一体,促两头带中间"的战略方针,在结构上,以大城市为龙头,以中等城市为纽带,以小城镇为依托;在数量上,适当发展大城市,积极发展中等城市,大力发展小城镇;在借鉴别国的成功经验的基础上,紧密结合中国的实际,探索出一条具有中国特色的城镇化道路。     

应力路径法控制5万m3油罐地基稳定

介绍了一种直观评判油罐地基稳定性的方法,即应力路径法.应力路径为应力点在应力空间的运动轨迹,分为总应力路径TSP和有效应力路径ESP.应力路径法的解题思路,先建立土体的破坏临界状态线(kf线),对比非线性弹性模型计算典型土体单元在加荷过程中的应力路径,根据p-q平面上的破坏准则得出地基稳定性安全系数Fs.应力路径法最大优点是简单且直观,作为现场控制地基稳定手段十分方便.     

动态网络最短路径射线追踪

最短路径射线追踪算法,用预先设置的网络节点的连线表示地震波传播路径,当网络节点稀疏时,获得的射线路径呈之字形,计算的走时比实际走时系统偏大. 本文在波前扩展和反向确定射线路径的过程中,在每个矩形单元内,通过对某边界上的已知走时节点的走时进行线性插值,并利用Fermat原理即时求出从该边界到达其他边界节点的最小走时及其子震源位置和射线路径,发展了相应的动态网络算法. 从而克服了最短路径射线追踪算法的缺陷,大大提高了最小走时和射线路径的计算精度.     

深圳地区原状花岗岩残积土硬化土模型参数的试验研究

硬化土（hardening soil）模型是岩土工程数值分析中常采用的模型。为研究加载方式和排水条件对原状花岗岩残积土剪切行为的影响,对深圳地区原状花岗岩残积土进行了常规三轴固结排水、常规三轴固结不排水、固结排水侧向卸载和固结不排水侧向卸载4组试验,并由试验结果确定出不同加载方式和排水条件下的硬化土模型参数。结果表明：在常规三轴试验中,试样在剪切过程中表现为先剪缩后剪胀的特性,在侧向卸载试验中,试样始终表现为剪胀的特性;模型参数值与加载路径密切相关,固结不排水侧向卸载试验（CDLU）测得的有效内摩擦角 较常规三轴固结不排水试验（CD）试验大20%,而有效黏聚力 小了46%;CDLU试验得到的三轴压缩试验的参考割线模量 为CD试验的2.9倍,卸载再加载参考割线模量 为CD试验的1.8倍;在相同加载路径下,模型参数值也受排水条件的影响,由CU试验得到的 与CD试验的结果相近,但CU试验得到的 要明显大于CD试验的结果,CU试验得到的 为CD试验的2倍, 为CD试验的3.8倍。因此,在岩土工程数值分析中应根据工程的实际情况确定和选用模型参数值。     

双边非对称裂纹平板试样拉伸试验研究

采用自制的压–拉转换装置,配合RMT 150C岩石力学试验系统及数字散斑相关方法,对双边非对称裂纹类岩石平板试样进行直接拉伸试验,得到类岩石试样的拉应力–应变曲线、试样表面应变场演化过程和裂纹扩展模式。研究发现,类岩石试样直接拉伸的拉应力–应变曲线大致可以分为4个阶段：（1）近似线性阶段,预制裂纹基本不起作用,应力随应变增加较快,试样表面应变场的分布主要受试样内部的孔隙及颗粒的影响;（2）整体缓慢增加阶段,两预制裂纹和试样内部的孔隙及颗粒共同影响试样表面应变场的分布,整体上应力随应变呈增加趋势;（3）短暂峰值过渡阶段,试样中某个预制裂纹对试样表面应变场的分布起决定性作用;（4）破坏阶段,裂纹起裂位置在应变场相对集中区域,并扩展导致试样破坏。对于直接拉伸条件下的双边非对称裂纹平板试样,其中某条预制裂纹会率先扩展,先向远离前方裂纹的方向扩展,再向靠近前方裂纹的方向扩展,对采用数值模拟方法研究张拉应力状态下裂纹相互作用扩展规律具有重要意义。