A high-performance cellular automata model for urban simulation based on vectorization and parallel computing technology

Cellular automata (CA) models can simulate complex urban systems through simple rules and have become important tools for studying the spatio-temporal evolution of urban land use. However, the multiple and large-volume data layers, massive geospatial processing and complicated algorithms for automatic calibration in the urban CA models require a high level of computational capability. Unfortunately, the limited performance of sequential computation on a single computing unit (i.e. a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU)) and the high cost of parallel design and programming make it difficult to establish a high-performance urban CA model. As a result of its powerful computational ability and scalability, the vectorization paradigm is becoming increasingly important and has received wide attention with regard to this kind of computational problem. This paper presents a high-performance CA model using vectorization and parallel computing technology for the computation-intensive and data-intensive geospatial processing in urban simulation. To transfer the original algorithm to a vectorized algorithm, we define the neighborhood set of the cell space and improve the operation paradigm of neighborhood computation, transition probability calculation, and cell state transition. The experiments undertaken in this study demonstrate that the vectorized algorithm can greatly reduce the computation time, especially in the environment of a vector programming language, and it is possible to parallelize the algorithm as the data volume increases. The execution time for the simulation of 5-m resolution and 3 × 3 neighborhood decreased from 38,220.43 s to 803.36 s with the vectorized algorithm and was further shortened to 476.54 s by dividing the domain into four computing units. The experiments also indicated that the computational efficiency of the vectorized algorithm is closely related to the neighborhood size and configuration, as well as the shape of the research domain. We can conclude that the combination of vectorization and parallel computing technology can provide scalable solutions to significantly improve the applicability of urban CA.     

球谐分析及合成并行计算

本文介绍了球谐合成和分析问题的数值计算原理,研究分析了其内在的并行性,提出了区域划分和聚合通信的并行计算策略。基于傅立叶变换技术,应用MPI(消息传递接口)并行编程模式,实现了球谐分析及合成计算的并行化。实验结果表明,较之串行实现,并行实现大大缩短了计算时间,获得了近似线形加速比,取得很高的并行效率。     

多边形叠加Vatti算法的VCS优化方法与GPU并行化

Vatti算法是常用的矢量多边形裁剪算法之一,在其构建扫描束实现交点计算的过程中,二叉树的数据结构和递归计算方法导致其计算效率受矢量多边形边界顶点数量影响显著。本文针对Vatti算法执行过程中较为耗时的扫描束构建环节,提出了一种多边形边界顶点预排序的优化方法——VCS（Vertex Coordinate Pre-Sorting）方法,并基于该方法实现了对Vatti算法的GPU细粒度并行化。VCS方法使用双向链表对Vatti算法原有的二叉树数据结构进行了替换,以较小的额外存储空间取得了多边形边界顶点信息查找效率的明显提升。在GPU环境下采用双调排序算法对多边形边界顶点数组元素进行并行化排序并过滤出有效值,克服了原始算法使用二叉树存储导致效率低下的问题。实验结果表明,改进后的算法与原始算法相比,具有相同的计算精度;当多边形顶点数量为92万,CUDA每个线程块中的线程数量为32时,使用VCS优化方法,与采用CPU计算构建扫描束方法相比,GPU并行化方法获得了39.6倍的相对加速比,矢量多边形叠加分析算法效率总体上提升了4.9倍。     

中期数值天气预报业务的回顾与展望

本文回顾了近年来国内外中期数值天气预报业务的新进展,简略地介绍了当今国外（以欧洲中期天气预报中心为主）和我国中期数值天气预报业务系统。最后对未来中期数值天气预报的发展作一展望,指出其未来发展的主要方向。     

大地电磁三维正演并行算法研究

大地电磁法三维正演算法计算量大,用传统的串行程序计算相当耗时。而三维正演是逐个频率按顺序计算的,并行性好,适合并行运算。结合MPI自身的优越性,在深入分析大地电磁三维正演串行程序实现流程的基础上,确定了并行计算的思路,实现了三维正演的并行计算。通过三个理论模型对实现的三维正演并行程序进行了试算,分析对比了在多种情况下程序的执行效率。测试结果表明,所实现的三维正演并行程序运行结果正确,效率提高明显。此思路可为解决其它地球物理超大计算量问题所借鉴。     

考虑不确定性的地震灾害应急救援设备并行优化设计

由于地震灾害的不确定性,使得应急救援设备运行速率及使用效率均受到影响,需要进行并行优化处理。对此,提出基于双向并行计算的地震灾害应急救援设备优化方法。以地震灾区灾情等级评估结果为基础,将地震等级及应急救援设备,设备及设备之间的关系进行标准化处理,转化为求解最优解问题;在考虑不确定性的情况下,通过通信时间与救援设备需求进行双向并行处理,优化地震灾害应急救援设备。实验结果表明,采用改进方法进行地震灾害应急救援设备并行优化,能够对地震灾害应急救援设备需求量进行准确预测,提高应急救援设备的运行速率,缩短通信时间,提高应急救援设备的使用效率,具有一定的优势。     

高分辨率遥感影像并行分割结果缝合算法

采用基于数据并行的遥感影像分割实现过程,提出了一种新的数据缝合算法解决分割结果合并问题。分割效果对比和运算效率分析等实验结果表明,此算法保持了分割结果合并后的边界正确性,使并行化分割在提高运算效率的同时保证了分割结果的可信度。     

通化地区老岭群花山组与珍珠门组平行不整合的发现及意义

通化地区珍珠门组并非老岭群的顶部层位,其上确实存在花山(大栗子)组、临江组．并且与珍珠门组呈平行不整合接触。这一发现,为重新厘定集安岩群、老岭群的地层层序以及区域地层对比．提供了直接的地质依据,也为老岭群的古地理再造以及地质构造演化研究提供了新资料;同时也为在这一地区寻找古岩溶型矿产提供了重要线索。     

A semi‐distributed parallel‐type linear reservoir rainfall‐runoff model and its application in Taiwan

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a semi‐distributed parallel surface rainfall‐runoff conceptual model. In this paper, a general solution of the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) has been derived successfully for N linearly connected reservoirs, each having a different storage constant. The solution is a function of geomorphologic parameters, meteorologic factors and roughness coefficients. The model also takes into account the hydrologic response which is influenced by outflow downstream of a reservoir. For calibration, the shuffled complex evolution (SCE) algorithm is used to search for the global optimal parameters of the model. Because of the parallel structure, the mean roughness parameter of the channel becomes a “conceptual” parameter without a real physical meaning. To evaluate the adaptability of the model adopted, three watersheds around the city of Taipei in Taiwan were chosen to test the effectiveness of the model. The study provides an appropriate rainfall‐runoff model for planning flood mitigation in Taiwan. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental Study on Cross-Flow Induced Vibrations in Heat Exchanger Tube Bundle

Vibration in heat exchangers is one of the main problems that the industry has faced over last few decades. Vibration phenomenon in heat exchangers is of major concern for designers and process engineers since it can lead to the tube damage, tube leakage, baffle damage, tube collision damage, fatigue, creep etc. In the present study, vibration response is analyzed on single tube located in the centre of the tube bundle having parallel triangular arrangement (60°) with P/D ratio of 1.44. The experiment is performed for two different flow conditions. This kind of experiment has not been reported in the literature. Under the first condition, the tube vibration response is analyzed when there is no internal flow in the tube and under the second condition, the response is analyzed when the internal tube flow is maintained at a constant value of 0.1 m/s. The free stream shell side velocity ranges from 0.8 m/s to 1.3 m/s, the reduced gap velocity varies from 1.80 to 2.66 and the Reynolds number varies from 44500 to 66000. It is observed that the internal tube flow results in larger vibration amplitudes for the tube than that without internal tube flow. It is also established that over the current range of shell side flow velocity, the turbulence is the dominant excitation mechanism for producing vibration in the tube since the amplitude varies directly with the increase in the shell side velocity. Damping has no significant effect on the vibration behavior of the tube for the current velocity range.