On the computation of the electrical potential inside a horizontally‐layered half‐space

A new formulation is proposed for the electrical potential developed inside a horizontally‐layered half‐space for a direct current point‐source at the surface. The recursion formula for the kernel coefficient in the potential integral is simpler than the generally used two‐coefficient recursion. The numerical difficulties that may occur during the computation of the integrals and near the source axis are examined and solutions are proposed. The set of equations permits a stable and accurate computation of the tabular potential everywhere in the medium.     

Levee effects upon flood levels: an empirical assessment

This study used stream gauge records to assess the impact of levees on flood levels, providing an empirical test of theoretical and model predictions of the effects on local flood response. Focusing upon a study area in Illinois and Iowa for which levee records were available, we identified 203 gauges with ≥ 50 years hydrological record, including 15 gauges where a levee was constructed during the period of record. At these sites, step‐change analysis utilizing regression residuals tested levee‐related stage changes and levels of significance and quantified the magnitudes of stage changes. Despite large differences in stream sizes, levee alignments, and degree of floodplain constriction, the post‐levee rating‐curve adjustments showed consistent signatures. For all the study sites, stages for below bankfull (non‐flood) conditions were unaffected by levee construction. For above bankfull (flood) conditions, stages at sites downstream of their associated levees also were statistically indistinguishable before versus after levee construction. However, at all sites upstream of levees or within leveed reaches, stages increased for above bankfull conditions. These increases were abrupt, statistically significant, and generally large in magnitude – ranging up to 2.3 m (Wabash River at Mt. Carmel, IL). Stage increases began when discharge increased above bankfull flow and generally increased in magnitude with discharge until the associated levee(s) were overtopped. Detailed site assessments and supplementary data available from some sites helped document the dominant mechanisms by which levees can increase flood levels. Levee construction reduces the area of the floodplain open to storage of flood waters and reduces the width of the floodplain open to conveyance of flood flow. Floodplain conveyance often is underestimated or ignored, but Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements analysed here confirm previous studies that up to 70% or more of the total discharge during large floods (~3% chance flood) can move over the floodplain. Upstream of levees and levee‐related floodplain constriction, backwater effects reduce flow velocities relative to pre‐levee conditions and, thus, increase stages for a given discharge. The empirical results here confirm a variety of theoretical predictions of levee effects but suggest that many one‐dimensional model‐based predictions of levee‐related stage changes may underestimate actual levee impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多国钢结构抗火规范关于受弯构件计算方法的比较与分析

为了研究受弯构件的抗火性能,及对国内外目前的受弯构件抗火设计方法有一个系统的了解,介绍了中国、美国、欧洲、英国和澳大利亚的钢结构抗火设计规范关于受弯构件的计算方法,并对它们的区别和联系进行了分析。设计了一个算例,分别采用不同的规范计算了其临界温度和耐火极限。经对比分析表明:各国规范的计算结果差别较大,相同条件下,澳大利亚规范计算得出的临界温度较低;无防火保护层时,英国规范计算得出的耐火极限较高,而有保护层时,美国规范计算得出的耐火极限较低。     

广州市白云区金沙洲地区地质灾害风险区划

广州市白云区金沙洲一带因受武广高铁隧道等一大批重点工程项目施工中大量抽排地下水的影响,诱发了多次较为严重的地质灾害。文章在多年实地调查的基础上,系统分析其地质灾害致灾因子,建立了地质灾害易发程度分区的评价指标体系,采用信息量法,按照地质灾害易发程度对各评价单元划分等级,将金沙洲地区划分为4个区：高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和不易发区。其中,武广高铁隧道通过的中南部地区属于地质灾害高易发区,该区隐伏岩溶发育,地质环境脆弱,不适宜大规模开发建设;浔峰断裂（F3）、沙贝断裂（F4）及保利西子湾断裂（F5）3条断裂通过的东部地区为地质灾害中易发区,该区发育有不良岩土体,区内主要发生地面沉降地质灾害;东南部大塱山组和中部测水组非可溶岩地层区为地质灾害低易发区,该区以埋藏型可溶岩分布为主,总体发生地质灾害的概率较小;西部丘陵地带为地质灾害不易发区,为非可溶岩区,不具备孕育地质灾害的形成环境。     

陕北志丹油田樊川区长61低阻油层成因分析与识别方法

陕北地区延长组发育低（特）渗储层,除发育通常的高阻油层外,还极易形成低阻油层;因此,低阻油层的发现,极大拓宽了该区石油勘探和开发的领域。根据志丹油田樊川油区长6¹的石油地质特征,结合大量实验和生产数据资料的分析对比,对该区低阻油层的成因机理及宏观控制因素进行了分析。结果表明:长6¹储层的孔隙结构复杂导致束缚水饱和度增高,高地层水矿化度、高泥质含量及放射性砂岩的存在,是低阻油层得以形成的主要原因。通过大量实际试油和测井资料的对比可见,应用计算自然电位与自然电位曲线重叠法可以快速直观显示其含油性,声波时差-深电阻率的交会图与自然伽马-深电阻率交会图相结合可有效识别低阻油层。对区内85口探井进行了测井资料的二次解释,在长6发现了初次解释所遗漏的45个低阻油层,油层数由原来的117个增加到162个,净增27.8%。     

犯罪热点时空分布研究方法综述

犯罪在地理时空内并不是均匀分布的,而是表现出明显的时空聚集特性,这种聚集性常用“犯罪热点”表述.基于对犯罪热点的理解,从犯罪热点时空分布模式、犯罪热点成因分析以及犯罪热点时空转移及预测等3 个方面总结了当前国内外犯罪热点时空分布相关研究方法的进展.最后,对该领域研究进行了总结与展望.总体上,国内相关研究较少,尚需进一步结合中国国情,提出适用方法.另外,也需要通过相关犯罪理论的深入研究以及其他领域研究方法的借鉴,实现犯罪热点时空分布研究方法的突破与创新.     

能源安全研究的理论与方法及其主要进展

在能源价格和温室气体减排双重驱动下,能源安全研究再次成为学术界关注的热点.加强能源安全理论、方法研究,对于把握能源安全关键要素,识别一国(区域)能源安全状态及演进趋势具有重要的现实意义,同时为能源安全预警与响应机制的构筑奠定了坚实基础.本文对国内外能源安全理论、方法及其主要进展进行了综述,研究结果表明：①国内能源安全定量研究较为薄弱,主要表现为研究成果匮乏、缺乏共识;②国际上,能源安全研究方法大多基于能源安全多样性指数——Shannon-Wiener 指数(SWI)与Herfindahl-Hirschman 指数(HHI).其中,又以英国能源供应安全联合研究小组(JESS)、荷兰能源研究中心(ECN)、国际能源署(IEA)以及亚太能源研究中心(APERC)所开发的能源安全模型较具有代表性;③能源安全定量研究在时间尺度、空间尺度、评价内容及不确定性上均有待改进.     

嘉山台地电阻率与降雨关系探究

地电阻率观测系统由于技术及环境变化等原因,在观测资料中常常会出现与地震孕育及地壳区域应力状态无关的变化,其中降雨就是比较显著的影响因素,根据嘉山台2000—2013年的数字化资料分析降雨与地电阻率之间的关系,结果表明:降雨与地电阻率的季节性变化之间存在较好的相关关系,并尝试通过数字方法剔除资料中的降雨影响。