Pollen-stratigraphical evidence of Holocene hydrological change in northern Fennoscandia supported by independent isotopic data

Pollen records from 21 sites were used to reconstruct Holocene hydrological changes in northern Fennoscandia. The inferred dominance of maritime-type Betula-forests from c. 9600 BP onwards indicate an oceanic climate in the region during the early Holocene, with high amounts of precipitation and low seasonal contrasts. This interpretation is supported by oxygen isotope records obtained on lacustrine carbonates from Abisko, northern Sweden. Enrichment of ¹⁸O during the early Holocene suggests enhanced zonal circulation and a pronounced influence of Atlantic air-masses in northern Sweden. The pattern of Pinus expansion in the area was time-transgressive, ranging from 9200-8000 BP in the extreme north-east to 7900-5500 BP in the western and south-western parts of the region. The replacement of Betula-forests by Pinus-forests indicates a climatic change towards drier summers and increased seasonality. At Abisko, a close correlation between regional Pinus expansion and depletion of ¹⁸O in lacustrine carbonates suggests that the expansion of Pinus was triggered by a gradual attenuation of the influence of westerlies. Thus, in large-scale palaeohydrological terms, the early expansion of Pinus in the north-easternmost parts of Fennoscandia as compared to the successively later expansion in the west and south-west may reflect a gradually decreasing influence of Atlantic air-masses in northern Fennoscandia during the early and mid Holocene.     

Palaeohydrological characteristics and palaeogeographic reconstructions of incised-valley-fill systems: Insights from the Namurian successions of the United Kingdom and Ireland

Namurian (Carboniferous) eustatic fluctuations drove the incision and backfill of shelf-crossing valley systems located in humid subequatorial regions, which are now preserved in successions of the United Kingdom and Ireland. The infills of these valleys archive the record of palaeoriver systems whose environmental, hydrological and palaeogeographic characteristics remain unclear. A synthesis of sedimentological data from fluvial strata of 18 Namurian incised-valley fills in the United Kingdom and Ireland is undertaken to elucidate the nature of their formative river systems and to refine regional palaeogeographic reconstructions. Quantitative analyses are performed of facies proportions, of geometries of incised-valley fills and related architectural elements, and of the thickness of dune-scale sets of cross-strata. Reconstruction of the size of the drainage areas that fed these valleys is attempted based on two integrative approaches: flow-depth estimations from dune-scale cross-set thickness statistics and scaling relationships of incised-valley fill dimensions derived from late-Quaternary examples. The facies organization of these incised-valley fills suggests that their formative palaeorivers were perennial and experienced generally low discharge variability, consistent with their climatic context; however, observations of characteristically low variability in cross-set thickness might reflect rapid flood recession, perhaps in relation to sub-catchments experiencing seasonal rainfall. Variations in facies characteristics, including inferences of flow regime and cross-set thickness distributions, might reflect the control of catchment size on river hydrology, importance of which is considered in light of data from modern rivers. Palaeohydrological reconstructions indicate that depth estimations from cross-set thickness contrast with observations of barform and channel-fill thickness, and projected thalweg depths exceed the depth of some valley fills. Limitations in data and interpretations and high bedform preservation are recognized as possible causes. With consideration of uncertainties in the inference of catchment size, the palaeogeography of the valley systems has been tentatively reconstructed by integrating existing provenance and sedimentological data. The approaches illustrated in this work can be replicated to the study of palaeohydrological characteristics and palaeogeographic reconstructions of incised-valley fills globally and through geological time.     

Palaeohydrology of the Quaternary saline Lake Ballivian (southern Bolivian Altiplano) based on diatom studies

Diatoms are usually used for reconstructing variations in past lacustrine depth. In a small endorheic basin located in the southern Bolivian Altiplano, we used a comparative method based on basin morphology, stratigraphy, sediment samples, altitude and diatom ecology to infer depth variations more precisely in both marginal and central parts of the basin. Beforeca. 22,000 yr BP, the general tendency was a progressive increase in water-level from 4,135 to 4,155 m altitude, but Lake Ballivian rose to 4,160 m twice, and dropped below 4,135m twice. After ca. 22,000 yr BP, a long dry period occurred, as indicated by a sedimentation hiatus. Atca. 13,000 yr BP, the water-level slightly increased again but the lake stayed very shallow, at less than 4,125 m altitude. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A02GG003 00005     

Reconstructing holocene palaeorunoff regimes from palaeoclimate: An initial attempt to apply a climatological approach to palaeohydrology for the north China plain

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雨养泥炭沼泽古水文定量重建的代用指标——有壳肉足虫化石记录的应用与进展

有壳肉足虫是由壳体包裹细胞质的单细胞原生动物,由于它种类多、对雨养泥炭沼泽水文变化反应敏感且其壳体易于保存,成为一种雨养泥炭沼泽古水文定量重建的代用指标。主要阐述了现代雨养泥炭沼泽有壳肉足虫-环境变量数据库建立的方法和具体步骤,及该指标在古水文及古气候重建上的应用和研究进展。在以欧美为主的地区进行的许多研究发现,利用有壳肉足虫恢复的地下水位记录不仅与其他BSW指标(如植物大化石和腐殖化度)记录变化有很好的一致性,而且它与其他陆地古气候指标、冰心指标、海洋指标及太阳辐射指标等都存在良好的对应关系,充分证实了有壳肉足虫是一种雨养泥炭沼泽古水文的有效代用指标,其重建的地下水位记录能够很好地反映区域古气候的变化。然而截至目前,有壳肉足虫分类学研究、现代生态模拟等方面所存在的问题仍是其应用研究的阻碍,相信随着这些问题的逐步解决,有壳肉足虫在雨养泥炭沼泽古水文及古气候重建上将发挥更大的作用。我国在该领域尚未开展研究,存在较好的研究潜力,而且其成果可以对我国泥炭地的生态管理、开发利用提供科学指导依据。     

Simulating internal and external controls on fluvial terrace stratigraphy: a qualitative comparison with the Maas record

Palaeohydrological studies indicate that the use of sedimentary palaeoclimatic indicators in fluvial sediments still requires rigorous calibration of the climatic controls on the formation of those indicators. An explorative attempt is made using a simulation experiment with the FLUVER2 model. The simulation illustrates that climate control on the erosion/sedimentation behaviour of a large fluvial system differs along the fluvial system. While in the uplifting hinterland only glacial extremes are recorded as sediments with a relatively limited preservation chance as terraces due to the uplift. The more downstream reach towards the hinge zone displays a sensitive fluvial record registering even stadial/interstadial dynamics well preserved in an extensive glacial/interglacial terrace staircase. Downstream in a subsiding basin the most complete sedimentary record is preserved, which still contains temporal gaps of approximately 20%, related to the spatial delay effects of the external control of climate and related base-level change. A systematic comparison of simulated climate changes and resulting fluvial dynamics illustrates that due to the internal control of fluvial systems a one to one correlation between recorded fluvial dynamics and climate change becomes less the further one moves downstream along the longitudinal profile. A qualitative comparison of the simulation results with the Maas record reveals an interesting match, suggesting that the simulated system dynamics may well apply the Maas system.     

北洛河中游黄陵洛川段全新世古洪水研究

通过在北洛河中游黄陵洛川段河谷的考察, 选择典型的古洪水平流沉积剖面进行了古 洪水水文学研究。在野外考察测量的基础上, 采集平流沉积层样品, 进行粒度成分、磁化率、 烧失量、CaCO₃ 含量等分析, 证明研究地点具有典型的古洪水平流沉积层, 并且通过地层学对比分析, 确定其为中晚全新世特大洪水的沉积物。利用水文学原理计算出该组古洪水沉积层所记录的特大洪水的洪峰流量在12 350 m³/s~14 730 m³/s 之间。同时通过对该断面下游方 向20 km 处的东王河铁路桥1994 年9 月洪水洪痕的测量, 利用相同方法计算其洪峰流量, 证明古洪水水文学计算结果合理可靠, 从而为北洛河中游的工程建设及沿岸地区的防洪减灾提供重要的数据资料。