平顶山矿区煤矸石特征及综合利用途径

在查明平顶山矿区煤矸石占地面积、矸石积存量及年排矸量的基础上，作者系统地采集了全矿区井上和井下煤矸石样品，进行了化学分析、工业分析、光谱分析、Ｘ射线衍射、岩矿鉴定和扫描电镜测定。查明了本矿区煤矸石的成分、矿物及微量元素特征。并指出了各类矸石可资进行综合利用的途径。     

Changes in groundwater chemistry due to metallurgical activities in an alluvial aquifer in the Moa area (Cuba)

The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in groundwater chemistry in an alluvial aquifer in the Moa area. Surface and ground water, metallurgical waste and various geological material samples were collected in order to evaluate groundwater composition. The results show that the alluvial aquifer is polluted with SO₄^2-, Mg²⁺and heavy metals. According to its major components in the alluvial aquifer, two types of groundwater are identified: magnesi-bicarbonated and sulphate-magnesic. Maximum SO₄^2– and Mg²⁺ contents are more than 1000 mg/L, and are four times higher than the acceptable levels for human consumption of water. The high values of Cr(VI), Ni(II), Mn(II) Fe_(total), SO₄^2– and Mg²⁺ in alluvial aquifers are due to polluted recharge from metallurgical waste from the tailing dam. This recharge is favoured by the preferential flow due to desiccation cracks in metallurgical waste. Geochemical modelling showed that potentially toxic heavy metals might exist largely in the forms of MSO₄^2– and M²⁺ in pore water of SAL metallurgical waste. All samples were supersaturated in goethite and hematite. Results from batch testing indicate that the heavy metals have two origins: natural, due to the existing ultramaphic rocks and laterites, and anthropogenic, by metallurgical waste rich in sulphate and (oxy)hydroxide minerals. These results highlight the need to locate and evaluate a new water source to supply the population of the city of Moa.     

Open burning of wastes as the source of environmental contamination by POPs

In the paper the procedure for and results of a test study of a few persistent organic pollutants - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH）, polychlorinated biphenyls （PCB） and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） emission from the open burning of different types of wastes （domestic wastes, agricultural debris, landscape cleating debris, etc.） are discussed. The open burning of agricultural debris and landscape-clearing debris is widely applied in rural areas and small towns and in allotment gardens for the recovery of that part of wastes that can not be utilized for compost preparation. This process is most typical during the autumn season and to a lesser degree during spring. Burning occurs usually in bon fires. Burning modes differ depending on the volume of material burnt, the waste moisture content, the weather conditions, etc. During this process part of domestic wastes （polluted wood, paper, chipboard, films, plastics, etc.） are burned also. Investigations included the collection and preparation of combustible material, the simulation of open burning processes, particulate and gas emission sampling, chemical analysis of sample and data processing. Sampling procedures and sample preparation were agreeable to the emission sampling standards. The aerosol and vapour phases of POPs were collected by ordinary sampling train with pumping of waste gases through filter and solid sorbent （polyurethane foam）. For the measurements of PAH in emission, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used which make it possible to identify and determine 16 PAH compounds in the samples; this method was used for HCB determination also. Gas chromatography with ECD detector was used for PCB measurement. It was detected that the levels of PAH emission from wastes uncontrolled burning of wastes vary greatly. Influencing factors are composition and properties of refuse, temperature and mode of burning, level air supply. Generally, the increase of content of wood leads to the increase of PAH in emission. PAH emission also increased with increasing temperature of burning. The highest PAH values are characteristic of emissions from domestic refuse burning. Practically, all naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene （from 60% to 100% of their total mass） and fluorene （14%-99%） were emitted in gaseous form.     

Potential radionuclide transport pathways from seafloor dumpsites: Kamchatka region of the North Pacific Ocean

Encapsulated nuclear waste materials, dumped by Russia, are present at two deepwater seafloor locations in the offshore north-west Pacific Ocean, south-east of the Kamchatka Peninsula. This paper assesses potential pathways by which these wastes might, if released from their containers, disperse away from the dumpsites and through the surrounding ocean. A review of large-scale ocean circulation theory and of field and model results suggests that mean abyssal currents are north-eastward to eastward from the dumpsite locations and would advect leaking materials toward the north-eastern Pacific. Results of advective and diffusive horizontal plume transport models are consistent with this sense of flow. Trajectory speeds are, however, subject to considerable uncertainty. Our results suggest that as little as 5 years or as long as 100 years might be required for material to be transported from the dump sites to the north-east Pacific. Dilution by 4 or 5 orders of magnitude is predicted during this transit. Vertical mixing or upwelling are necessary in order to transport contaminants upward from north-east Pacific abyssal waters to the near-surface layers before they can potentially impact productive coastal regions, such as those off Alaska. Information concerning such upwelling mechanisms is inadequate for estimation of rates or to identify geographical areas that might be at risk.     

试论人为矿床开发利用

本文介绍了人为矿床的概念和研究概况,论述了人为矿床的分类、特征及开发利用的意义、优势、工作重点和难点。文章指出:人为矿床就是人类活动所产生的可以进行规模化利用而现在仍被视为“废弃物”的各种物质;人为矿床大多具有污染源和资源的双重属性,开发利用人为矿床是治理环境污染的釜底抽薪之法,开发利用人为矿床可以收到经济和环保的双重效益;人为矿床具有活动性和增生性,是真正“取之不尽用之不竭”的矿床,开发利用人为矿床,是发展循环经济的重要途径;人为矿床的分布与人类活动区域相关、赋存状态迥异于自然矿床、物质成分十分复杂;人为矿床具有可人为控制的特性;开发利用人为矿床,需要进行广泛的社会动员。     

Asteroid impact in the Black Sea. Death by drowning or asphyxiation?

Normally the consequences of an impact of an asteroid in a water body are discussed in terms of the beach run up of impact-generated waves. If even a small asteroid would hit the Black Sea, however, the potential emissions of toxic and flammable gases could be more disastrous to the region (comprised of Romania, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Turkey and Bulgaria) than the tsunami caused by the impact.     

河南三门峡市实验室“三废”污染情况初探及思考

分析了实验室“三废”污染的现状、分布、数量、种类、;建议本着科学选择方法,节约使用试剂,适当处理和回收利用的原则来处理“三废”;强调“谁污染,谁治理”是化学工作者义不容辞的职责。     

Biosorption of Dyes by Natural and Activated Vine Stem. Interaction between Biosorbent and Dye

In the present study, the vine stem and modified vine stem were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of acidic and basic dyes from aqueous solutions. A comparative study was also carried out with activated carbon obtained from vine stem and then the adsorption capacities of all adsorbents were evaluated by batch adsorption process. The effects of various adsorption parameters (initial pH, particle size, and contact time) were investigated. The modification of the vine stem with nitric acid increased its adsorption capacity for the basic dye. Both, vine stem and modified vine stem exhibited higher adsorption capacities than activated carbon. The adsorption capacities were found to be 322.58, 250, and 200 mg g^?1 for modified, natural vine stem, and activated carbon, respectively. In the case of acidic dye, the pH strongly affected the adsorption capacity and the maximum dye uptake was observed at pH 2 for all adsorbents. The acidic dye adsorption was lower compared to basic dye on both biosorbents and activated carbon tested. The maximum acidic dye adsorption values (58.82 and 59.88 mg g^?1) were obtained with the vine stem and activated carbon, respectively. In the case of lignocellulosic adsorbents, both surface charge and surface groups had main effect on the adsorption of basic dye, while adsorption mechanism in activated carbon was mainly through the physical adsorption. The results of comparative adsorption capacity of adsorbents indicated that vine stem or modified vine stem can be used as a low cost alternative to activated carbon in aqueous solution for basic dye removal.     

气相色谱法分析固体废物中苯酚类物质

通过一系列筛选实验,确定了一种使用国产毛细管色谱柱分离固体废弃物中苯酚类物质的气相色谱分析方法,固体废弃物中苯酚类物质的回收率均可达70%以上,5次测定的相对标准偏差RSD＜6%,检出限(mg/kg)苯酚为0.033,邻甲酚为0.039,对甲酚为0.046,间甲酚为0.054,可以满足固体废弃物中苯酚类物质测定的要求.     

Numerical modelling of in situ behaviour of the Callovo–Oxfordian argillite subjected to the thermal loading

To enhance the understanding of thermal impact on the in situ behaviour of the Callovo–Oxfordian argillite, this paper presents an interpretation of an in situ heating experiment carried out in the Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory (M/HM URL). The argillite was heated successively by two constant heating powers: 277 W and 925 W. When subjected to thermal loading, the argillite exhibits an important volume change and a strong pore pressure response that significantly affect its hydraulic and mechanical behaviour. Numerical analysis has been performed by using a coupled theoretical formulation that incorporates a constitutive model especially developed for this material. Based on Biot's theory, this model includes the influence of interstitial pressure on the mechanical behaviour. The simulation obtained reproduces satisfactorily the results of the in situ experiment and the main observed patterns of behaviour. The interpretation and discussion of numerical results provide additional data that can help us to understand the thermo-hydromechanical behaviour concepts of saturated argillite formation.