国内外空间集聚研究回顾与展望

空间集聚会导致区域生产要素密度的提高及其空间结构和形态的变化,一直是地理学、经济学领域研究的热点.首先对国外空间集聚相关研究进行了回顾,涉及到空间集聚的理论探索、空间集聚程度与效应、分布特征及其影响因素的实证分析等.然后梳理国内空间集聚研究发现,国内相关研究主要集中在20世纪90年代以后,且对集聚理论与测度方法本身研究较少,而以实证研究居多.最后对国内外相关研究进行了简评,并对国内相关研究提出了展望,认为应该加强相关理论和方法研究,注重社会调查,加强微观企业层面的集聚研究,考虑集聚效应中时空交互作用的影响,并重视集聚与区域经济和区域空间结构关系的研究,以及加强地理学和经济学对空间集聚研究的相互借鉴和融合.     

Impacts of changing climate on the hydrology and hydropower production of the Tagus River basin

The Tagus River basin is an ultimately important water source for hydropower production, urban and agricultural water supply in Spain and Portugal. Growing electricity and water supply demands, over‐regulation of the river and construction of new dams, as well as large inter‐basin and intra‐basin water transfers aggravated by strong natural variability of climate in the catchment, have already imposed significant pressures on the river. The substantial reduction of discharge is observed already now, and projected climatic change is expected to alter the water budget of the catchment further.In this study, we address the effects of projected climate change on the water resources availability in the Tagus River basin and influence of potential changes on hydropower generation of the three important reservoirs in the basin. The catchment‐scale, process‐based eco‐hydrological model soil and water integrated model was set up, calibrated and validated for the entire Tagus River basin, taking into account 15 large reservoirs in the catchment. The future climate projections were selected from those generated within the Inter‐Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. They include five bias‐corrected climatic datasets for the region, obtained from global circulation model runs under two emissions scenario – moderate and extreme ones – and covered the whole century. The results show a strong agreement among model runs in projecting substantial decrease of discharge of the Tagus River discharge and, consequently, a strong decrease in hydropower production under both future climate scenarios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于井下摆天然地震数据测量首都圈近地表波速结构

收集了首都圈数字化地震遥测台网58个井下摆2003-2008年记录的102次M≥3.0地震的数据.通过鉴别直达波及对应地表反射波的波形,发现两者到时差与震中矩和方位角无关.基于斯涅尔定律,分析获得了这些台站上方厚约300 m浅地表土层P波和S波平均速度结构以及波速比.结果表明,首都圈区域近地表P波和S波平均速度分别约为...     

某水电站进水口环境边坡勘察及治理建议

通过对工程边坡以上自然边坡坡面危险源的调查分析评价,得出环境边坡对工程边坡的影响,提出影响工程边坡的环境边坡的危险源区域及其处理建议。     

轻型钻机在西部山区深厚覆盖层水电勘探中的应用

在西部山区水利水电勘探中,采用轻型钻机钻进深厚覆盖层,并成功采集岩心是一项技术难题。钻进深度越大,越易产生坍塌、埋钻等事故,因而成孔极其困难。根据目前西部水利水电勘探的常用设备,采用轻型钻机,合理设计钻孔,并对泥浆护壁方法进行改进,使钻孔成功达到预定深度。应用结果表明：轻型钻机钻进深厚覆盖层时,孔身设计分为4级变径;深度70 m以浅采用硬质合金钻头,深度70 m以深采用孕镶金刚石钻头,钻进稳定;SM-KHm超低固相泥浆护壁,不仅环保而且节水,可有效保护孔壁稳定,防止塌孔;岩心采取率达到95%以上,钻孔最大钻进深度达到223.54 m,有效突破了轻型钻机的最大钻进深度,为轻型钻机钻进西部山区深厚覆盖层及取心提供重要的技术参考依据。     

IGS基准站的选择对GPS定位精度的影响

使用GAMIT软件对天津于桥水库和威海石岛两次GPS试验数据进行处理,在处理过程中,分别选择了临近的4~30个IGS站的27种情况进行计算,并对各种情况得出的结果从基线向量、测站坐标和IGS站的南北半球分布等三个方面进行了比较,得出了以下结论:使用26个以上IGS基准站进行数据处理,可以达到卫星高度计现场定标检验精度。     

���ÿ�����ƽ��и��԰���쳣̨վ̽�⼰���˶�������ȡ

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????飬?????????????????λ?ü???С???????????ITRF2008????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????С????????????????????????????????????????????????о?????????????????￡???????????????     

中国城市扩展对气温观测的影响及其高估程度(英文)

Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy in China in the late 1970s, some meteorological stations ’entered’ cities passively due to urban expansion. Changes in the surface and built environment around the stations have influenced observations of air temperature. When the observational data from urban stations are applied in the interpolation of national or regional scale air temperature dataset, they could lead to overestimation of regional air temperature and inaccurate assessment of warming. In this study, the underlying surface surrounding 756 meteorological stations across China was identified based on remote sensing images over a number of time intervals to distinguish the rural stations that ’entered’ into cities. Then, after removing the observational data from these stations which have been influenced by urban expansion, a dataset of background air temperatures was generated by interpolating the observational data from the remaining rural stations. The mean urban heat island effect intensity since 1970 was estimated by comparing the original observational records from urban stations with the background air temperature interpolated. The result shows that urban heat island effect does occur due to urban expansion, with a higher intensity in winter than in other seasons. Then the overestimation of regional air temperature is evaluated by comparing the two kinds of grid datasets of air temperature which are respectively interpolated by all stations’ and rural stations’ observational data. Spatially, the overestimation is relatively higher in eastern China than in the central part of China; however, both areas exhibit a much higher effect than is observed in western China. We concluded that in the last 40 years the mean temperature in China increased by about 1.58℃, of which about 0.01℃ was attributed to urban expansion, with a contribution of up to 0.09℃ in the core areas from the overestimation of air temperature.     

风速分辨率对土壤风蚀模数计算结果的影响

风是土壤风蚀的驱动力,风力直接影响土壤风蚀的强度。风速是土壤风蚀预报模型的主要输入参数,高时间分辨率和高空间分辨率的风速数据能提高模型模拟效果。为对比风速处理方法及风速数据时空分辨率对模型模拟结果的影响,基于修正风蚀模型（RWEQ）评估该模型对于各输入参数的敏感性,分别选取中国北方农牧交错带内130个气象站（基准气候站和基本气象站）中不同类型及不同数量的气象站数据,利用线性插值法和风蚀预报系统（WEPS）的WINDGEN风速生成法将1日4次风速数据和1日2类风速数据生成24 h风速数据输入模型,结合1日4次风速数据直接输入模型构建了不同气象站数量及不同风速数据类型的6种模拟情景,计算了研究区在不同模拟情景下的潜在风蚀模数。结果表明：RWEQ模型估算的区域潜在风蚀模数会随气象站点的数量和风速时间分辨率的提升而增加;风速数据的线性插值方法在RWEQ模型中应用效果不理想,与WEPS模型的WINDGEN风速生成方法相比,线性插值法使地面2 m处大于临界起沙风速（5 m·s^-1）的风速频率降低,过低估计潜在风蚀模数和区域土壤风蚀状况。     

国内外典型工程滑坡灾害比较

在搜集和梳理全球一个多世纪以来灾难性工程滑坡实例的基础上,将人类工程活动诱发的滑坡分为4种基本类型和若干亚类：①采矿工程滑坡（包括地下采空型、露天采场型、尾矿坝及排土场型）;②水利水电工程滑坡（包括库区岸坡型、水库大坝型、灌溉工程型）;③线性基础设施工程滑坡（包括公路及铁路工程型、油气管道工程型）; ④城市建设复合型工程滑坡。重点剖析了国内外著名的工程滑坡灾害案例,并兼顾一般工程滑坡的共性特征进行分析,综述了各类典型工程滑坡灾害的发育特征、形成机制及部分处置措施。通过不同类型工程滑坡特征的比较分析,总结了工程滑坡成灾的教训和成功处置的经验,为未来工程项目区和城市化过程中工程滑坡的综合防治及风险减缓提供了参考。