基于GIS的近海剩余环境容量计算模型

探讨一种基于GIS 克里格插值方法的剩余环境容量计算方法, 通过GIS 地统计分析插值模型将水质模拟问题转化为数学统计问题, 充分利用水质水体、沉积物监测数据, 采用克里格插值法对污染物浓度和水深在局部海域内进行插值, 将研究区域离散为一个个的均匀栅格单元, 比较每个单元污染物浓度与水质目标之间的差值, 从而估算得到研究海域的剩余环境容量。通过2009 年8 月锦州湾剩余环境容量的计算实例表明, 基于GIS 的剩余环境容量初步计算方法在资料缺乏地区是十分简便、有效的, 这为海域开发利用区环境管理与规划提供了参考。     

南极格罗夫山陨石岩石学特征Ⅰ:非平衡L3型普通球粒陨石

我国第16次南极科学考察队在格罗夫山区域的蓝冰表面回收到28块陨石,其中有6块属于非平衡型(即3型)普通球粒陨石。它们保存了原始的岩石矿物学特征,包括非常清晰的球粒结构、基质未重结晶和不透明、橄榄石和低钙辉石颗粒具有明显的成分环带和极不均一的化学组成等。Fe-Ni合金含量、含Fe总量和橄榄石成分综合分析表明这6块陨石全部属于低铁群(L)。因为非平衡普通球粒陨石橄榄石成分变化的PMD(Fa)值与岩石类型亚型有良好的相关性,因此,根据橄榄石Fa的PMD标准这6块陨石被划分为如下亚型:GRV 99019为3.6型,GRV99020、GRV 99021和GRV 99026为3.5型,GRV 99001为3.4型,GRV 99022为3.0—3.4型。     

Improving kriging of groundwater level data using nonlinear normalizing transformations—a field application

Abstract

The present research study investigates the application of nonlinear normalizing data transformations in conjunction with ordinary kriging (OK) for the accurate prediction of groundwater level spatial variability in a sparsely-gauged basin. We investigate three established normalizing methods, Gaussian anamorphosis, trans-Gaussian kriging and the Box-Cox method to improve the estimation accuracy. The first two are applied for the first time to groundwater level data. All three methods improve the mean absolute prediction error compared to the application of OK to the non-transformed data. In addition, a modified Box-Cox transformation is proposed and applied to normalize the hydraulic heads. The modified Box-Cox transformation in conjunction with OK is found to be the optimal spatial model based on leave-one-out cross-validation. The recently established Spartan semivariogram family provides the optimal model fit to the transformed data. Finally, we present maps of the groundwater level and the kriging variance based on the optimal spatial model.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Montanari

Citation Varouchakis, E.A., Hristopoulos, D.T., and Karatzas, G.P., 2012. Improving kriging of groundwater level data using nonlinear normalizing transformations—a field application. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (7), 1404–1419.     

珠江口西部海域表层沉积物重金属元素多尺度空间变化特征

笔者应用因子克里格分析方法,研究了珠江口西部海域388个表层沉积物中7种重金属元素Cd, Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr和As的空间结构特征,识别并分离了重金属元素不同尺度的空间主成分及其分布特征,探讨了不同空间尺度重金属的物源及控制因素。结果显示,研究区7种重金属元素在空间上存在块金尺度、局部尺度(变程为60 km的球状结构)和区域尺度(变程为160 km的球状结构)3种尺度的空间变化。以迭代算法模拟了研究区重金属元素线性协同区域化模型。根据不同尺度上区域化因子的主成分得分分布特征可知:局部尺度上,F₁因子(Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu)和F₂因子(As)的高值区表现为"牛眼"状局部特征,并分布在陆地沿海的河口或者港湾区,指示了可能受人为污染成分影响的重金属区域。其中,雷州半岛东部沿海是最可能的重金属污染区,其空间分布主要受控于局部的地形、海流等因素。F₂因子不同于F₁的空间分布,主要在于As不同于Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu等的地球化学行为。区域尺度上,F₁(Zn,Cr,Ni)和F₂(As)因子主要反映了不同陆源母岩物质的影响。Zn,Cr,Ni等主要源于华南大陆陆源母岩物质,而As主要受到海南岛陆源母岩物质的控制。F₁和F₂因子得分高值区整体上表现为NNE向自陆地向较深海域延伸的"片状"分布特征,推测其主要受到海平面变化及NNE向区域性海洋环流的控制。     

Disjunctive Kriging with Hard and Imprecise Data

This paper presents a methodology for assessing local probability distributions by disjunctive kriging when the available data set contains some imprecise measurements, like noisy or soft information or interval constraints. The basic idea consists in replacing the set of imprecise data by a set of pseudohard data simulated from their posterior distribution; an iterative algorithm based on the Gibbs sampler is proposed to achieve such a simulation step. The whole procedure is repeated many times and the final result is the average of the disjunctive kriging estimates computed from each simulated data set. Being data-independent, the kriging weights need to be calculated only once, which enables fast computing. The simulation procedure requires encoding each datum as a pre-posterior distribution and assuming a Markov property to allow the updating of pre-posterior distributions into posterior ones. Although it suffers some imperfections, disjunctive kriging turns out to be a much more flexible approach than conditional expectation, because of the vast class of models that allows its computation, namely isofactorial models.     

日降水量空间插值方法研究

采用反距离权重法和普通克里格方法对26°~34°N, 103°~115°E范围内2004年逐日降水量进行空间插值试验分析, 分辨率为1 km×1 km。采用交叉检验方法和准确率方法对两种方法插值的总体效果及不同等级的降水插值效果进行综合对比。结果表明:两种方法插值效果近似, 插值结果与实测值相关系数分别为0.83和0.82。但对日雨量较大的情况, 两种方法插值效果均有所降低, 相关系数为0.66和0.67。两种方法的实测值与插值结果的相关系数在不同季节非常接近, 并且均以春季最大, 其次为冬、秋季, 夏季相关系数最小; 通过采用平均误差、平均绝对误差和均方根3个指标衡量及不同等级雨量的插值准确率统计比较, 普通克里格方法插值效果略好于反距离权重法。     

New distance measures: The route toward truly non-Gaussian geostatistics

The projection or minimum error norm algorithm does not require that the distance measure be a variogram. In non-Gaussian cases, the traditional variogram distance measure leading to minimization of an error variance offers no definite advantage. Other distance measures, more outlierresistant than the variogram, are proposed which fulfill the condition of the projection theorem. The resulting minimum error norms provide the same data configurations ranking as traditionally obtained from kriging variances. A case study based on actual digital terrain data is presented.This paper was presented by title at MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 14 April 1987.     

An interpolation method taking into account inequality constraints: II. Practical approach

Common features of models for interpolation, consistent with a finite number of inequality constraints on the range of values of a variablez, are discussed. A method based on constrained quadratic minimization yielding kriging estimates when no constraints exist, is presented. A computationally efficient formulation of quadratic minimization is obtained by using results on duality in quadratic programming. Relevant properties of the optimal interpolator are derived in a simple, self-contained way. The method is applied to mapping of horizon depth and estimation of thickness of an oil-bearing formation.     

Single/multiple input-single output transfer function with noise models for constituents of iron ores of Northern Goa, India

Parametric time domain time series models for different chemical constituents such as SiO ₂,Fe ₂ O ₃,TiO ₂,MnO, and P ₂ O ₅ of iron ores belonging to banded hematite quartzites in Bicholim Mine (Goa) have been utilized for forecasting Fe ₂ O ₃ assay values through single/multiple input—single output (Fe ₂ O ₃ ) transfer function with noise methodology. Statistically significant correlated chemical constituent inputs (say, SiO ₂,TiO ₂,MnO, P ₂ O ₅ ) along lateral (horizontal strike direction) and vertical (perpendicular to bedding planes) sections in this mine are useful in modeling as well as forecasting assay values of blocks of ore to be exploited. Parameters of transfer function—noise models are estimated by utilizing time domain methodology, and the usefulness of these models for optimization of mining operations is discussed.