融合星地多源数据资料的长三角地区高分辨率时空无缝PM2.5浓度数据

大气污染物浓度全方位动态监测是进行区域大气污染精细化防控的重要前提。为开展长三角地区小时分辨率PM_2.5浓度无缝制图,本研究通过耦合AOD缺失信息重建与多模数据融合技术,建立了一套能够有效集成卫星遥感、地面观测、数值模拟等多源异构数据资料的近地面PM_2.5浓度无缝制图方案,并据此生产了2015年—2020年长三角地区小时分辨率无缝PM_2.5浓度格点数据产品。结果表明：本研究生产的PM_2.5浓度无缝格点产品与国控站点观测数据的交叉验证相关系数达0.9,平均偏差不超过10 μg·m^-3。较于空间分布不均且相对稀疏的站点观测PM_2.5浓度资料,面域无缝PM_2.5浓度格点数据更能有效揭示长三角地区PM_2.5污染的时空变化特征;在2015年—2020年研究期内,其平均下降速率超过3 μg·m^-3·a^-1。本研究发展的PM_2.5浓度无缝制图方法和生产的相关数据产品有望为区域灰霾污染防控和PM_2.5暴露健康风险评估研究提供方法参考和基础数据支撑。     

应用慢速原子束制备冷原子粘团的研究

冷原子粘团的制备是喷泉钟研制的关键步骤之一。通过慢速原子束加载获得冷原子粘团,应用荧光收集法测量了冷原子粘团的原子数目,采用飞行时间法测量了冷原子粘团温度。冷原子粘团中原子数目在加载时间200 ms的情况下为(8.14±0.2)×107,温度为(10.72±0.69)μK。     

广州新垦莲藕产区莲藕品质与地球化学条件的关系

名优特农产品品质与产区环地质背景条件密切相关。广州新垦莲藕是国家地理标志产品,探讨其产区地质背景与莲藕品质的关系对于新垦莲藕的规模化种植有重要意义。本文通过系统采集新垦莲藕产地藕塘底泥、地表水、新鲜莲藕样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法（ICP-MS/OES）等多种技术进行测试,开展品质评价研究,初步揭示了新垦莲藕品质与产区环境地球化学条件之间的相关性。研究结果表明：藕塘底泥中营养元素锰、锌、钼、钴、钒、铁均处在一等（丰富）等级,硒以适量和高硒等级为主,重金属铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;藕塘地表水中铜、锌、硒、硼、汞、镉、砷、六价铬、铅、镍等指标均满足灌溉水质要求;产出的新垦莲藕淀粉、可溶性糖、钾、磷、钙、镁、铁、锌、硒的含量较高,重金属和粗纤维含量较低;莲藕对底泥中不同元素生物富集系数平均值范围为0.0484~65.67,对磷的富集能力最强,对锗的富集能力最弱。藕塘底泥中硼与莲藕中淀粉显著正相关（p≤0.05）,钙与蛋白质显著性正相关,砷与可溶性糖显著负相关。藕塘底泥中硼钴铁镁锰钒钙锗的含量较高,有利于莲藕营养组分的积累,产出高品质的莲藕。本文提出在种植过程中重视有机质、钙、氮和锗等养分的补充,关注镉和砷带来的潜在生态安全风险。     

Petrography and provenance of Upper Cretaceous – Palaeogene sandstones in the foreland basin system of Central Nepal

Sedimentary deposits of the Cretaceous to Miocene Tansen Group of Lesser Himalayan association in central Nepal record passive-margin sedimentation of the Indian Continent with direct deposition onto eroded Precambrian rocks (Sisne Formation onto Kaligandaki Supergroup rocks), succeeded by the appearance of orogenic detritus as the Indian continent collided with Asia on a N-dipping subduction zone. Rock samples from two field traverses were examined petrographically and through detrital zircon U–Pb dating, one traverse being across the Tansen Group and another across the Higher and Tethyan Himalaya (TH). The Tansen Group depositional ages are well known through fossil assemblages. We examined samples from three units of the Tansen Group (Amile, Bhainskati, and Dumri Formations). The Sedimentary petrographic data and Qt F L and Qm F Lt plots indicate their ‘Quartzose recycled’ nature and classify Tansen sedimentary rocks as ‘recycled orogenic’, suggesting Indian cratonic and Lower Lesser Himalayan (LLH) sediments as the likely source of sediments for the Amile Formation (Am), the TH and the Upper Lesser Himalaya (ULH) as the source for the Bhainskati Formation (Bk), and both the Tethyan and Higher Himalaya (HH) as the major sources for the Dumri Formation (Dm). The Cretaceous–Palaeocene pre-collisional Am is dominated by a broad detrital zircon U–Pb ~1830 Ma age peak with neither Palaeozoic nor Neoproterozoic zircons grains, but hosts a significant proportion (23%) of syndepositional Cretaceous zircons (121–105 Ma) would be contributions from the LLH volcanosedimentary arc, Gangdese batholith (including the Xigaze forearc). The other formations of the Tansen Group are more similar to Tethyan units than to Higher Himalaya Crystalline (HHC). From the analysed samples, there is a lack of distinctive evidence or HH detritus in the Tansen basin. Furthermore, the presence of ~23±1 Ma zircons from the HH unit suggests that they could not have been exposed until the earliest Miocene time.     

Recent Trends in Satellite-Derived Chlorophyll and Aerosol Optical Depth Together with Simulated Dimethylsulfide in the Eastern China Marginal Seas

The biogenic compound dimethylsulfide(DMS)produced by a range of marine biota is the major natural source of re-duced sulfur to the atmosphere and plays a major role in the formation and evolution of aerosols,potentially affecting climate.The spatio-temporal distribution of satellite-derived chlorophyll_a(CHL)and aerosol optical depth(AOD)for the recent years(2011-2019)in the Eastern China Marginal Seas(ECMS)(25°-40°N,120°-130°E)are studied.The seasonal CHL peaks occurred during late April and the CHL distribution displays a clear zonal gradient.Elevated CHL was also observed along the northern and western coastlines during summer and winter seasons.Trend analysis shows that mean CHL decreases by about 10%over the 9-year study period,while AOD was higher in south and lower in north during summertime.A genetic algorithm technique is used to calibrate the key model parameters and simulations are carried out for 2015,a year when field data was available.Our simulation results show that DMS seawater concentration ranges from 1.56 to 5.88 nmol L^?1 with a mean value of 2.76 nmol L^?1.DMS sea-air flux ranges from 2.66 to 5.00mmol m^?2 d^?1 with mean of 3.80mmol m^?2 d^?1.Positive correlations of about 0.5 between CHL and AOD were found in the study region,with higher correlations along the coasts of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces.The elevated CHL concentration along the west coast is correlated with increased sea-water concentrations of DMS in the region.Our results suggest a possible influ-ence of DMS-derived aerosol in the local ECMS atmosphere,especially along the western coastline of ECMS.     

Distributed fiber optic monitoring and stability analysis of a model slope under surcharge loading

In the discipline of geotechnical engineering, fiber optic sensor based distributed monitoring has played an increasingly important role over the past few decades. Compared with conventional sensors, fiber optic sensors have a variety of exclusive advantages, such as smaller size, higher precision, and better corrosion resistance. These innovative monitoring technologies have been successfully applied for performance monitoring of geo-structures and early warning of potential geo- hazards around the world. In order to investigate their ability to monitor slope stability problems, a medium-sized model of soil nailed slope has been constructed in laboratory. The fully distributed Brillouin optical time-domain analysis （BOTDA） sensing technology was employed to measure the horizontal strain distributions inside the model slope. During model construction, a specially designed strain sensing fiber was buried in the soil mass. Afterward, the surcharge loading was applied on the slope crest in stages using hydraulic jacks and a reaction frame. During testing, an NBX-6o5o BOTDA sensing interrogator was used to collect the fiber optic sensing data. The test results have been analyzed in detail, which shows that the fiber optic sensors can capture the progressive deformation and failure pattern of the model slope. The limit equilibrium analyses were also conducted to obtain the factors ofsafety of the slope under different surface loadings. It is found that the characteristic maximum strains can reflect the stability of the model slope and an empirical relationship was obtained, This study verified the effectiveness of the distributed BOTDA sensing technology in performance monitoring of slope.     

Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing over Shandong Peninsula in East Asia from 2004 to 2011

Recent vigorous industrialization and urbanization in Shandong Peninsula,China,have resulted in the emission of heavy anthropogenic aerosols over the region.The annual means of aerosol optical depth（AOD）,Angstrom exponent（α）,single-scattering albedo（SSA）,aerosol direct radiative forcing（ARF）,surface radiative forcing（SRF）,and top-of-the atmospheric radiative forcing（TOA） recorded during 2004–2011 were respectively 0.67±0.19,1.25±0.24,0.93±0.03,47±9 W m^-2,-61±9 W m^-2,and-14±8 W m^-2.The aerosol optical properties and ARF characteristics showed remarkable seasonal variations due to cycle changes in the aerosol components and dominance type.The atmosphere-surface system was cooled by ARF in all years of the study due to anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate emission and sea salt aerosols.The magnitude of TOA cooling was larger in summer（-15±17 W m^-2） and autumn（-12±7 W m^-2） than that in spring（-8±4 W m^-2） and winter（-9±10 W m^-2）.     

双光路能见度测量方法和试验

双光路能见度测量系统是一种基于CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) 数字摄像和光在大气中衰减理论的能见度测量系统,首先设置远、近两个固定距离的特性相同的目标光源和背景装置,然后通过CCD拍摄所设置的目标光源和背景,拍摄的图像由1394数据线和图像采集卡传输到计算机,通过数字图像处理获取目标光源和背景的灰度信息,最终利用相应的算法计算能见度。试验表明:双光路能见度测量系统和透射式能见度仪对比偏差随能见度的升高而升高,而与前向散射式能见度仪对比偏差随能见度的升高有小幅降低,通过白天和夜晚数据对比可知,白天太阳光的影响已基本消除。     

Application of an optical disdrometer to characterize simulated rainfall and measure drop-size distribution

ABSTRACT

Knowledge of rainfall characteristics such as drop-size distribution is essential for the development of erosion-mitigation strategies and models. This research used an optical disdrometer to elucidate the relationships between raindrop-size distribution, median volume drop diameter (D₅₀), kinetic energy and radar reflectivity (dBz) of simulated rainfall of different intensities. The D₅₀ values were higher for the simulated rain than for natural rain at almost all rainfall intensities, perhaps due to variations in rainfall types and the turbulence in natural rain that breaks up large drops. The kinetic energy ranged from 26.67 to 5955.51 J m^?2 h ^?1, while the median volume drop diameter (D₅₀) was in the range 1.94–7.25 mm, for intensities between 1.5 and 202.6 mm h^?1. The relationship between radar reflectivity (Z) and the intensity (R) of the simulated rain was best described by a power law function (Z = aR^b), with a and b coefficients in the ranges 162–706 and 0.94–2.46, respectively, throughout the range of rainfall intensities (1.5–202.6 mm h^?1).     

Rheology of the continental lithosphere: Progress and new perspectives

While the surface of Tibet is undergoing pervasive pure shear, stable terranes, straddling subsurface sutures, remain in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), attesting to its strength. Furthermore, sub-horizontal, cohesive remnant of Indian SCLM is traced northward from the Himalayan deformation front for about 600 km, exemplifying the longevity of buoyant, strong SCLM of Archean shields. Bimodal distribution of earthquake depths, with peaks concentrating in the upper/middle crust and near the Moho, has been a longstanding evidence for strong SCLM. Recent results from the Himalayas—Tibet and along the East African rift system not only corroborate the bimodal distribution but also firmly established that large earthquakes occur below the Moho. Intriguingly, non-volcanic tremors—newly discovered mode of elastic strain release—also occur near the Moho but well below the seismogenic zone in the upper/middle crust. Considering recent field observations and laboratory experiments of viscosity contrast across the Moho, the SCLM must be strong enough to accumulate elastic strain, a prerequisite for earthquakes, over geological time. Moreover, under laboratory conditions, recent advances that link the termination of frictional instability, an analogue for earthquakes, and the onset of crystal plasticity, provided a physical basis for limiting temperatures of crustal (~ 300-400 °C) and mantle (~ 600-700 °C) earthquakes. While any single rheological model cannot possibly account for all tectonic settings (which also evolve with time), lithological contrast across the Moho is important in shaping the bimodal distribution of strength in the continental lithosphere.