地理国情监测成果在线发布方案的研究

介绍了地理国情监测成果的主要内容,探讨了地理国情监测成果在线发布的技术流程和方法。     

Comparing expert judgement and numerical criteria for hydrograph evaluation

Abstract

This paper investigates the relationship between expert judgement and numerical criteria when evaluating hydrological model performance by comparing simulated and observed hydrographs. Using a web-based survey, we collected the visual evaluations of 150 experts on a set of high- and low-flow hydrographs. We then compared these answers with results from 60 numerical criteria. Agreement between experts was found to be more frequent in absolute terms (when rating models) than in relative terms (when comparing models), and better for high flows than for low flows. When comparing the set of 150 expert judgements with numerical criteria, we found that most expert judgements were loosely correlated with a numerical criterion, and that the criterion that best reflects expert judgement varies from expert to expert. Overall, we identified two groups of 10 criteria yielding an equivalent match with the expertise of the 150 participants in low and high flows, respectively. A single criterion common to both groups (the Hydrograph Matching Algorithm with mean absolute error) may represent a good indicator for the overall evaluation of models based on hydrographs. We conclude that none of the numerical criteria examined here can fully replace expert judgement when rating hydrographs, and that both relative and absolute evaluations should be based on the judgement of multiple experts.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis     

Have a nice trip: an algorithm for identifying excess routes under satisfaction constraints

Analysis of potential spatial behavior in transport infrastructures is usually carried out by means of a digital network. A basic condition for such a network analysis has traditionally been the desire to find solutions to optimization problems and to achieve greater efficiency in industry. Geographic information system (GIS) tools for network analysis are overwhelmingly targeted at finding solutions to optimization problems, which include the shortest path problem and the traveling salesman problem. This article addresses the problem of the lack of tools for finding solutions to a class of constraint satisfaction problems that are of potential interest to behavioral geographers. Constraint satisfaction problems differ from optimization problems in that they lack an expression to be maximized or minimized. We describe how a constraint-based approach to network analysis can be applied to search for ‘excess routes’ that are longer or in other ways exceed single, optimal routes. Our analysis considers both round-trips and travel from A to B and defines a set of constraints that can characterize such paths. We present a labeling algorithm that can generate solutions to such excess route problems.     

网络店铺中地域文化商品价值取向的文本挖掘——蔚县剪纸的实证研究

以淘宝网店注册信息及其商品描述文本为数据源,采用文本挖掘方法研究了蔚县剪纸商品的价值取向及区域差异。研究发现:① 商品描述文本的特征词分布具有典型的"长尾曲线"特征;② "长尾"头部高、中频词汇表征出的商品主导价值取向是"中国地方民俗文化为内涵的外事商务礼品";③ "长尾"尾部的大量低频词汇既是对地域文化内涵的表达,也是对主导价值取向的佐证,更是适应消费者个性化需求的结果;④ 店铺集中分布于张家口和北京,前者更关注商品样式风格的描述,后者则偏重工艺特点和文化背景的表征;⑤ 价值取向注重"蔚县"地域文化品牌塑造,但缺少艺人品牌包装。基于互联网文本数据源的地域文化商品价值取向研究为经济、文化地理学提供了新的视角和方法。     

Dynamic domain kinematic modelling for predicting interflow over leaky impeding layers

Traditional Boussinesq or kinematic simulations of interflow (i.e., lateral subsurface flow) assume no leakage through the impeding layer and require a no-flow boundary condition at the ridge top. However, recent analyses of many interflow-producing landscapes indicate that leaky impeding layers are common, that most interflow percolates well before reaching the toe slope, and therefore, the downslope contributing length is shorter than the hillslope length. In watersheds characterised by perched interflow over a low conductivity layer through permeable topsoil, interflow with percolation may be modelled with a kinematic wave model using a mobile upslope boundary condition defining the hillslope portion contributing interflow to valleys. Here, we developed and applied a dynamic interflow model to simulate interflow using a downslope travel distance concept such that only the active contributing length is modelled at any time. The model defines a variable active area based on the depth of the perched layer, the topographic slope and the ratio of the hydraulic conductivity of topsoil to that of the impeding layer. It incorporates a two-layer soil moisture accounting water balance analysis, a pedo-transfer function, and percolation and evaporation routines to predict interflow rates in continuous and event-based scenarios. We tested the modelling concept on two sets of data (2-year dataset of rainfall observations for the continuous simulation and a multi-day irrigation experiment for the event simulation) from a 121-m-long open interflow collection trench on an experimental hillslope at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. The continuous model simulation partially represented the observed interflow hydrograph and perched water depth in the experimental hillslope with correlation coefficients of 0.85 and 0.35, respectively. Model performance improved significantly at event-scale analysis. The modelling approach realistically represents interflow dynamics in hillslopes with leaky impeding layers and can be integrated into catchment-scale hydrology models for more detailed hillslope process modelling.     

风景名胜区旅游垃圾实证研究——以梅里雪山雨崩村为例

旅游垃圾是人类旅游活动的伴生物、旅游业的副产品,也是旅游业不可忽视的环境问题。梅里雪山风景区生态脆弱,远离城市,位置偏僻,其环境的脆弱性使旅游垃圾影响更加显著,梅里雪山的垃圾已经成为当地一个非常严重的社会环境问题,影响到当地藏族村民的正常生活,从微观层面研究在生态脆弱地区、在特殊自然地理环境和社区背景下的旅游垃圾问题,寻找有效的解决途径。     

基于居民出行行为的北京市交通碳排放影响机理

近年来低碳城市逐渐成为众多学科关注的焦点所在,国内外学者从多个角度对其开展一系列的理论与实证研究,但从微观层面深入探讨城市交通碳排放的影响机理的研究相对较为缺乏。利用北京市居民活动日志调查获取的第一手数据,基于居民日常出行行为计算微观层面的城市交通碳排放,并采用结构方程模型深入挖掘居住空间、个体行为以及交通碳排放三者之间的内在关系。结果表明,出行距离、机动出行概率对交通碳排放产生显著的正效应,而出行频率的影响并不显著;同时,出行结构的影响要远远大于出行总量的影响。另外,城市空间结构对城市交通碳排放产生显著影响,单位社区居民的出行行为整体具有“低碳”性质,应从低碳视角对单位社区进行重新审视。     

利用相对定位法对爆破事件进行精确定位

通过利用地震定位中的相对定位法对黑龙江省煤矿记录到的几个主要爆破事件进行精确定位,文中以牡丹江地区发生的爆破为例,详细介绍了定位的计算原理、计算方法和计算结果 ,并且与一般定位法相比较,使其在爆破事件的定位精度上得到提高.     

面向服务的山西省地理信息公共服务平台建设

结合山西省地理信息公共平台建设,着重说明以公共地理框架数据库建设为核心的数据体系建设和目录服务注册为核心的地理信息公共在线服务体系的建设;探索地理空间数据共享与发布的作业流程和工作基准,为地理信息的共享打下数据基础,解决了多源空间数据的注册、发现与绑定问题,构建了开放式服务体系。