Visa Restrictions and Bilateral Travel

The vast majority of states impose visa restrictions on travelers from some foreign countries. Such restrictions are likely to deter foreign visitors from affected countries. They will therefore reduce the flow of tourists, businesspeople, and other travelers and thereby damage a country's tourism industry, reduce its trade, and affect its scientific, cultural, and other exchanges with foreign countries. This study estimates the damaging effect exerted by visa restrictions on bilateral travel in a country dyad data set covering the period from 1995 to 2005. It finds that, depending on the exact model specification chosen, visa restrictions reduce such travel by on average between 52 and 63 percent but with substantial regional variation. Given this large detrimental effect of visa restrictions on bilateral travel, the article discusses the determinants of why states impose such restrictions.     

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

地震、测井和地质数据融合与实现

厚覆盖区地下地质模型所依靠的数据主要是地震和测井资料,但地震数据反映范围广而分辨率低,测井数据则分辨率高而反映范围小,如何有效地将两者组合利用,克服各自不足是论证的重点,说明了用数据树的形式组织所有井与地震地质等数据,并能同时生成和编辑多口井的合成地震记录,来确定不同井的深时关系,为把不同域的地震数据和测井数据融合显示建立基础,提供了实时修改子波的频率和相位来做合成记录的功能,也有反射系数与子波的分布褶积等最新的方法,以慢镜头的形式说明合成记录的形成过程。这些功能的应用,给用户确定正确的地下速度场提供了先进的手段,为地质模型建立提供了先进的方法。     

北京地震台远震Pn、PnPn波分析

在北京地震台NCDSN宽频带地震图集编辑工作中,发现Pn波在远至震中距16．8°的地震中仍然作为初至波被清晰记录,而PnPn波则延续至震中距30°左右仍以非常明显的震相特征被记录下来。     

基于居民日常出行的生活空间单元的划分

本研究从行为地理学的视角,以空间稳定性假设为出发点,提出辨识生活空间单元的新方法。借鉴行为地理学关于微观个体的数据采集方法,在北京市清河永泰居住区随机选择了100 位居民为对象,对其日常活动空间的驻点信息进行了调查。通过对居住地和驻点联系的K-Means 空间聚类分析,对生活空间单元的范围进行了划分。分析表明:①属于相同生活空间单元的居民日常出行范围和频率比较接近;②小区建成年代、规划设计、房价等空间环境因素,对生活空间单元的形成具有显著影响;③共用的商业设施和交通服务设施是影响生活空间划分的主要因素。利用这一方法得出的生活空间范围可应用到地区环境性能评价、城市空间管制等多个研究领域。     

基于在线示踪技术的岩溶地下河流场反演与水文地质参数估算

以青木关岩溶地下河为例,利用在线高分辨率示踪技术获取基础数据来探寻岩溶地下河形态特征,估算水文地质参数。试验中示踪剂回收率高达99 %,示踪剂历时浓度曲线有两个孤峰,前后峰值浓度分别为37.63 μg/L和1.21 μg/L, 两个孤峰的偏度和峰度均大于0,据此推测青木关岩溶地下河并无较大溶潭发育,且地下河流态为紊流流态。根据试验所得数据结合地下河地理空间信息,以经验公式估算得到地下河平均流速、摩擦系数、雷诺数、舍伍德数、施密特数等水文地质参数,分别为204 m/d、0.26、127 980、4 165、1 140,表明青木关地下河管道内部结构复杂,地下水环境比较脆弱,且估算得到的雷诺数所表征的地下河水流态与示踪剂历时浓度曲线得到的结果一致。      

大牛地气田低电阻率-高声波时差气层的形成与分布

大牛地气田下石盒子组的盒2、3段具有3种类型的气层,即正常Ⅰ型气层（具有高电阻率和相对较低的声波时差）、Ⅱ型低电阻率-高声波时差气层和Ⅲ型低密度气层。其中前两类气层主要为高产气层。以岩心分析化验资料、常规测井资料、特殊测井资料结合其他地质研究资料,分析了Ⅱ型低电阻率-高声波时差气层的成因。研究结果表明,微裂缝和好的储层物性引起的泥浆侵入,储层微孔喉发育引起的束缚水饱和度增大以及绿泥石黏土矿物包壳等因素是形成这类气层的主要原因,其中微裂缝是主要成因。结合裂缝预测成果,进一步验证了这类气层在平面上的分布。     

基于潜能模型的医疗设施空间可达性评价方法

空间可达性是评价医疗设施布局合理与否的重要指标,传统的医疗设施空间可达性评价,或者从医疗服务供需状况着手,或者从供需双方之间距离因素着手,均无法全面评价居民实际所能获取的医疗资源。本文采用基于潜能模型的评价方法对江苏省如东县医疗设施空间可达性进行分析研究,该方法综合考虑了医疗设施服务能力、居民点人口数量、医疗设施与居民点之间的出行阻抗。研究表明,通过选取合适的出行摩擦系数,该方法能够较为全面准确地测度较小研究单元的医疗设施空间可达性,辅以GIS技术,可以很直观地揭示研究区域内医疗设施空间可达性差异,结合公共卫生管理部门制定的医疗资源配置标准,还可较为准确判定缺医地区,为政府相关部门规划决策提供依据。     

利用单程波算子进行叠前时间偏移走时计算(英文)

传统的叠前时间偏移公式都是基于水平层状模型的假设而推导而来,在速度横向变化剧烈的介质中则不能够达到理想的聚焦效果。本文基于李代数积分方程以及拟微分算子等理论推导了非对称走时公式,计算公式由于包含有速度横向导数项,在速度横向变化大的介质中,也能有较高的聚焦效果,而且也为走时计算提供了精确的相对振幅保持权系数。本文对推导的方法进行模型测试并进行实际数据的试算,其结果证明非对称走时方法的成像精度远高于对称走时计算方法。