Time of concentration: a paradox in modern hydrology

Abstract

The time of concentration is a primary parameter for a variety of modern hydrological models adopted in professional and scientific communities. Nevertheless, a universally accepted working definition of this parameter is currently lacking and several definitions can be found in the technical literature along with related estimation procedures. This study brings to light the inherent variability of these definitions through the empirical analysis of four small basins. These case studies demonstrate that available approaches for the estimation of the time of concentration may yield numerical predictions that differ from each other by up to 500%.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Grimaldi, S., Petroselli, A., Tauro, F. and Porfiri, M., 2012. Time of concentration: a paradox in modern hydrology. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (2), 217–228.     

基于流域面积～高程关系曲线的洪峰传播历时计算方法及其在长江流域的应用

流域内洪峰传播过程与流域的一些统计特性相关。本文基于重力驱动原理和流域面积~高程关系曲线,计算长江流域内洪峰传播历时。研究结果表明:由曲线法计算得到的长江流域53个子流域的洪峰传播历时与流域特征明显相关,曲线法计算值与经验公式计算值之间呈线性关系,通过线性转化可方便、快速地得到流域洪峰转播时间值。此方法可用于研究流域地貌与水文响应的关系及洪水快速预报。     

测绘工程专业GIS实验混合式教学方法探讨

本文首先在当前GIS实验教学模式的基础上,结合笔者学校毕业生主要的就业方向、市场需求、工程教育专业认证的相关要求等,重组了测绘工程专业的“GIS原理与应用实验”课程的教学内容。然后结合当前疫情防控需要和网络教学的特点,应用“学习通”线上教学平台,开展了线上线下混合式实验教学方法的改革与探索,发展形成了新的教学方案,可以满足不同行业GIS人才培养的需要。教学实验表明,该方案具有理论基础与实践技能并重、课内与课外相结合、组合方式多等优点,不仅能提高学生实践操作能力,而且在巩固理论教学方面有显著优势,有利于发挥学生的主观能动性,可为相关专业的GIS实验教学提供借鉴与参考。     

基于手机信令数据的城市居民非通勤出行群体画像——以苏州市为例

构建考虑多维特征的城市居民非通勤出行群体画像概念模型,提出一种按序结合相关系数矩阵与二阶聚类的方法,以进行非通勤出行群体画像。利用苏州市手机信令数据,基于非通勤出行时空规律和社会属性将城市居民出行者进行群体划分,并结合城市居民非通勤出行群体画像概念模型对不同类型非通勤出行群体进行多维度解析。结果显示：① 城市居民出行者可划分为：活跃?波动?工作日主导型群体、非活跃?稳定?均衡型群体。② 不同类型非通勤出行群体画像在多维特征上存在显著差异。③ 根据群体画像标签关联分析,除显性关联外,群体画像不同标签间存在隐性关联。     

旅游“网红村”居民的怀旧、集体记忆与地方认同的特征及互动关系——以内蒙古呼和浩特市恼包村为例

以内蒙古呼和浩特市旅游“网红村”——恼包村为例,通过实验法和问卷调查法,探讨了旅游网红村居民的怀旧、集体记忆与地方认同3种情感的特征。运用结构方程模型,验证了在旅游效应作用下,3种情感之间内在的互动机理。研究显示,在非本地旅游景观融入地方旅游社区的情境下,居民依然非常认同当前的景观与建筑,并对旅游发展保持积极态度;怀旧、集体记忆如果失去了物质载体,会在文化载体上集中表现;旅游景观的嬗变没有隔断居民对从前村落的集体记忆,但旅游景观优化带来的旅游效应削弱了居民的怀旧情感;居民的怀旧与集体记忆呈显著的正向相关关系,居民的集体记忆显著影响地方认同,旅游发展效应对集体记忆与地方认同有显著的正向影响。     

苏南、浙北地区民宿空间分布特征及其影响因素

选取社会经济、配套产业发达且相近的苏南、浙北地区作为研究区域,基于百度地图API中的地点检索服务获取民宿点地理信息,结合空间分析方法与地理探测器探究两地民宿空间分布特征与影响因素。结果表明：1）两大地区民宿均呈显著集聚状态,分布在地势低平且水系发达区域,依托高禀赋旅游资源和交通干线集聚。2）在两地区别上,苏南民宿表现出集聚程度上的市域差异,浙北则分布相对均衡且集聚范围较广;空间集聚态势差异性显著,前者呈“四核集聚,次级中心团状布局”,后者表现出“西东中梯度格局”。3）消费能力、客源市场与通达程度是影响两地民宿分布的重要共性因子,两两因子间的交互作用增强了对民宿空间异质性的解释力。4）浙北民宿受外部客观因素的影响程度较弱,水系环境与景区依赖是两大地区间的区别因子。     

互联网对中国电影企业分布和产业网络联系的影响——“院线”与“网络”电影的比较

以中国2017年公映的305部“院线电影”和上线的1 025部“网络电影”为样本,运用社会网络分析方法,从城市维度比较分析了两类电影企业分布和产业网络联系差异,并运用计量和QAP（Quadratic Assignment Procedure）回归分析,测度了互联网对两类电影企业分布和产业网络联系的影响。结果发现：1）互联网没有带来地理终结。两类电影企业分布的空间基尼系数都高达0.9以上,皆存在高度聚集,但网络电影企业空间分布相对略微分散。2）相对于院线电影,网络电影产业网络联系的规模和平均最短路径皆更大,连通度和中心势皆更小。3）计量回归分析表明：互联网发展更好的城市,集聚的电影生产企业更多,尤其能对网络电影企业产生更强的吸引。QAP回归分析表明：互联网发展更好的城市之间更容易建立产业网络联系,尤其是建立“网络电影”生产的分工联系。     

The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities

Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable and low carbon form of getting from A to B. Yet the net effects of changes in active travel on changes in mobility-related CO₂ emissions are complex and under-researched. Here we collected longitudinal data on daily travel behavior, journey purpose, as well as personal and geospatial characteristics in seven European cities and derived mobility-related lifecycle CO₂ emissions over time and space. Statistical modelling of longitudinal panel (n = 1849) data was performed to assess how changes in active travel, the ‘main mode’ of daily travel, and cycling frequency influenced changes in mobility-related lifecycle CO₂ emissions.We found that changes in active travel have significant lifecycle carbon emissions benefits, even in European urban contexts with already high walking and cycling shares. An increase in cycling or walking consistently and independently decreased mobility-related lifecycle CO₂ emissions, suggesting that active travel substituted for motorized travel – i.e. the increase was not just additional (induced) travel over and above motorized travel. To illustrate this, an average person cycling 1 trip/day more and driving 1 trip/day less for 200 days a year would decrease mobility-related lifecycle CO₂ emissions by about 0.5 tonnes over a year, representing a substantial share of average per capita CO₂ emissions from transport. The largest benefits from shifts from car to active travel were for business purposes, followed by social and recreational trips, and commuting to work or place of education. Changes to commuting emissions were more pronounced for those who were younger, lived closer to work and further to a public transport station.Even if not all car trips could be substituted by active travel the potential for decreasing emissions is considerable and significant. The study gives policy and practice the empirical evidence needed to assess climate change mitigation impacts of urban transport measures and interventions aimed at mode shift to more sustainable modes of transport. Investing in and promoting active travel whilst ‘demoting’ private car ownership and use should be a cornerstone of strategies to meet ‘net zero’ carbon targets, particularly in urban areas, while also reducing inequalities and improving public health and quality of urban life in a post-COVID-19 world.     

Estimating time parameters of overland flow on impervious surfaces by the particle tracking method

Abstract

Travel time and time of concentration T_c are important time parameters in hydrological designs. Although T_c is the time for the runoff to travel to the outlet from the most remote part of the catchment, most researchers have used an indirect method such as hydrograph analysis to estimate T_c. A quasi two-dimensional diffusion wave model with particle tracking for overland flow was developed to determine the travel time, and validated for runoff discharges, velocities, and depths. Travel times for 85%, 95% and 100% of particles arrival at the outlet of impervious surfaces (i.e. T_t85, T_t95, and T_t100) were determined for 530 model runs. The correlations between these travel times and T_c estimated from hydrograph analysis showed a significant agreement between T_c and T_t85. All the travel times showed nonlinear relationships with the input variables (plot length, slope, roughness coefficient, and effective rainfall intensity) but showed linear relationships with each other.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor S. Grimaldi     

超大容量地震数据长期在线服务系统设计

超大容量地震数据长期在线服务系统是针对数字地震台网海量数据的长期在线服务需求而设计的,软件实现基于文件系统的数据自动存储、快速数据检索、数据格式转换等功能.阐明软件的设计思路和主要功能,介绍软件系统结构和波形数据自动检索方式等.