采水量对寡营养海域浮游真核微生物分子多样性评价的影响

真核微生物是海洋生态系统中生物多样性高且功能重要的组成部分,但因个体微小且形态特征不明显,传统的分类学方法很难全面评估其多样性。环境DNA结合高通量测序技术为真核微生物多样性研究提供了可靠技术支撑,然而采水量对于评估寡营养海域浮游真核微生物多样性的影响仍知之甚少。本研究在吕宋海峡及菲律宾海盆中设置5个采样点,每个站点各取4个10 L表层海水样品用于真核微生物高通量测序分析。对各站每个重复所获得的真核微生物多样性进行研究,并分析了采水量与真核微生物OTU数量、群落结构及优势种和稀有种之间的关系。研究发现,采水量和真核微生物OTU数量之间呈正相关关系,10 L水所获得的平均OTU数量为40 L水的64%,20 L水可获得82%,30 L水为92%。10 L样品所获得的群落多样性指数显著低于30 L和40 L样品检获的群落,而20 L样品与30 L和40 L样品在多样性指数上无显著差异。随着采水量增加,更多的稀有OTUs被检获,而丰富OTUs数量变化不明显。但统计分析显示,10 L与40 L组样品检获的真核微生物群落结构无显著差异。因此,综合考虑样品的可得性和现场处理时间,最低20 L的采水量可用于评估这一寡营养海域的真核微生物多样性和群落结构特点。     

From small scales to the big picture: persistence mechanisms of planktonic grazers in the oligotrophic ocean

In this review we evaluate whether universal behavioral and metabolic mechanisms exist, which permit marine proto‐ and metazooplankton to persist in continuously food‐limited environments such as the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and other oligotrophic ocean systems. We re‐visit the issue of what processes account for low steady‐state abundance of the dominant groups of planktonic grazers: phagotrophic protists and copepods, by examining evidence for the four processes proposed by Strom et al. (2000) : grazing thresholds, behavioral response to prey patchiness, top–down control of grazers, and mixotrophy (combination of photosynthesis and phagotrophy in protists) and/or omnivory (switching between alternate prey types). Published observations reveal that grazing thresholds, below which feeders reduce their feeding efforts and, with that, their metabolic expenditures, do exist. There are also studies suggesting that both protistan and small metazoan plankton feeders may take advantage of patchiness of food particles and are frequently mixotrophic and/or omnivorous. Predator patchiness in response to prey patches may facilitate top–down control of grazers. Finally, we discuss processes, which may lead to low quasi steady‐state abundances of food particles and feeders.     

THE STUDY ON LATENT AND SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX OVER MIRE IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

Energy exchange is one of the most importantprocesses in wetland ecosystems,because it has agreat influence on temperature,water transport,plantgrowth,productivityetc.(Dennison and Berry,1989).On small scales,understanding of surface en-ergy exchange is n…     

On the information of mire depositional environment

Mire is the product of the Quaternary. It mostly formed, developed and declined after the postglacial age. Therefore the chemical element analysis, spore-pollen analysis, 14C dating, mire plant determination for mire sediment, and the study on hierarchy relation of mire sediment, can provide a lot of information for restoring paleogeography, paleoclimate and environmental change. So some people called mire sediment-peat as "database of environment".     

毛苔草植被对沼泽湿地蒸散发影响的试验研究

为了揭示毛苔草植被对沼泽湿地蒸散发的影响,采用野外蒸发桶观测的方法,2007年7月5日至8月8日,在三江平原对不同植物密度下的毛苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）沼泽湿地下垫面蒸散发进行了试验研究。结果表明,毛苔草植被的存在能够增加沼泽湿地下垫面的蒸散发;与野外植物密度相同的有植物桶的蒸散发量平均达到13．88mm／d,最大蒸散发量可达22．26mm／d,而无植物桶的蒸散发量平均仅为4．81mm／d;有植物桶的平均蒸散发量为无植物桶蒸散发量的2．9倍。毛苔草植物的密度越大,对沼泽湿地下垫面蒸散发增加的作用越大,但只有当毛苔草叶面积指数大于1．5时,下垫面的蒸散发量才会显著增加。太阳辐射和气象要素对毛苔草沼泽湿地蒸散发的影响与植物密度间的关系复杂,还需要进一步研究。     

Rethinking climate change impacts on subsurface temperatures in a sub‐Antarctic mire affected by synoptic scale processes

This paper presents the first high resolution temperature data from a small Agrostis magellanica mire on subantarctic Marion Island as part of an ongoing island‐wide monitoring project on subsurface ground temperature variability. Variations in ground temperatures were found to be directly linked to the passage of synoptic scale weather systems that influence thermal characteristics and heat fluxes especially in the upper 30 cm of the mire. Preliminary data published here suggest that shallow temperatures will be most affected by changes in synoptic climate that Marion Island is currently experiencing with an increase in average temperatures and a reduction in temperature variability with depth. This study proposes that to effectively detect the ecosystem responses to climate change in a maritime sub‐Antarctic environment the temporal scale of measurement needs to be at least on a diurnal scale to be effective. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

再论中国含煤岩系沉积学研究进展及发展趋势

过去30年间,在层序地层学及旋回地层学等沉积学理论引入中国后,中国学者在含煤岩系沉积学研究方面取得了长足的进步,相继提出幕式聚煤作用、海侵过程成煤作用、海侵事件成煤作用以及超厚煤层的多阶段泥炭地叠加成因模式等基于层序地层学理论及可容空间概念的聚煤模式,并将可进行区域对比的等时性地层单元（层序）与传统岩相古地理研究相结合,重建中国各聚煤期等时性岩相古地理,进行富煤带及聚煤中心迁移规律分析。随着煤层气及煤系页岩气等非常规天然气勘探的不断深入,煤相及沉积有机相研究作为煤及泥质岩生烃潜力评价的重要方法重新受到关注。“含煤系统”概念将含煤盆地中各种地质信息进行融合与集成,包括古泥炭堆积的原始特征、含煤岩系的地层格架及煤层丰度、煤中硫含量与分布特征、煤变质程度或煤阶等。近年来,煤层作为“深时”古气候信息的载体,成为当前研究热点之一,特别是煤中丝质体含量可用来研究古泥炭地火灾事件及大气氧含量变化,米兰科维奇旋回理论作为一种有效的“深时”时间尺度度量方法,可用来研究古泥炭地的碳聚集速率及其所反映的净初级生产力与大气CO₂变化趋势。未来含煤岩系沉积学将会进一步加强研究不同构造背景下的含煤岩系层序地层格架样式、层序地层格架下的优质煤炭资源与煤系非常规天然气资源预测模式,以及煤层在地球长、短周期气候变化旋回中的地质意义。     

氮肥对三江平原沼泽土氧化CH4的影响

三江平原新鲜沼泽土添加不同量的NH₄HCO₃后,在25°C下进行了6次连续培养。首次在大气浓度CH₄(约1.8 μl/l)中培养时,供试沼泽土氧化大气CH₄速率与NH₄HCO₃的加入量成反比,表明NH₄⁺最初抑制沼泽土氧化大气浓度CH₄。第1次用高浓度CH₄(约8 000 μl/l)培养沼泽土时,铵态氮抑制供试沼泽土氧化高浓度CH₄,但随着培养的继续,铵态氮的抑制作用逐渐减弱,最终转变为促进供试沼泽土氧化高浓度CH₄。经过高浓度CH₄培养后,添加NH₄HCO₃的供试沼泽土氧化大气CH₄速率上升2.6~5倍,且与NH₄HCO₃的加入量呈正相关,表明铵态氮肥最初对沼泽土氧化CH₄的抑制作用已经转变为促进作用。铵态氮对沼泽土氧化大气浓度CH₄和高浓度CH₄的抑制作用都是短暂的,其长期作用将是促进沼泽土氧化CH₄。     

Concentration, Molecular Weight Distribution and Neutral Sugar Composition of DOC in Maritime Antarctic Lakes of Differing Trophic Status

The molecular weight distributions and hydrolysable neutral sugar composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was investigated in four maritime Antarctic lakes on Signy Island of different trophic status; Heywood Lake (eutrophic), Light Lake (oligo-mesotrophic), Sombre Lake and Moss Lake (both oligotrophic). Tangential flow ultra-filtration (TFU) was used to separate DOC into high molecular weight (HMW; >1000 Da) and low molecular weight (LMW; < 1000 Da) size fractions. Pulsed amperometric detection-high performance liquid chromatography (PAD-HPLC) was used to determine the hydrolysable neutral sugar molecular composition of each size fraction. Total DOC concentrations defined the trophic trend in the four lakes and ranged from 8 to 303 μM. The <1000 Da fraction of all the lakes dominated the DOC distribution, comprising 76% in Light Lake which also had the highest chl-a concentrations. Heywood Lake was relatively enriched in >1000 Da total organic carbon and had extremely high concentrations of total hydrolysable neutral sugars (11 μM) corresponding to 43% of total DOC. However, no clear pattern was apparent with regard to lake trophic status and potential sources of DOC, and the measured variations in individual aldose concentration, composition and their various molecular weight fractions.