新疆干旱荒漠地区五株低营养细菌的理化特性研究

低营养菌又称寡营养菌。属于特殊环境微生物类群。通过对新疆荒漠地区分离得到的五株低营养细菌的理化特性研究,初步摸索到了分离培养的方法,并测得其生长温度范围和最适温度37℃;最适pH值8～9;最适含碳量15mg／L培养基,生长需要1％～20％的NaCl浓度,以及一系列生理生化反应指标,为特殊环境微生物尤其是低营养微生物的研究提供了一些新的思路和理论依据。     

Seasonal changes in vertical distribution of zooplankton in an oligotrophic, subarctic lake (Lake Takvatn, Norway)

Zooplankton vertical distribution was studied in Lake Takvatn (69°07′ N) by discrete sampling of the water column during the open water season. Attention was focused on predation risk and competition to understand when, where and to what degree a given species should aggregate along the water column. Temperature profiles and phytoplankton abundance and composition were recorded to assess degree of heterogeneity and food availability in the pelagic zone. Vertical segregation was evident during thermal stratification. Rotifers partitioned the water column, with species less susceptible to predation (e.g. Conochilus unicornis) in the epilimnion, where they overlapped with the predators Asplanchna priodonta and Polyphemus pediculus, and species more vulnerable to these predators (e.g. Keratella cochlearis) in the hypolimnion. Cladocerans remained in the epilimnion, in a year when predation by fish was limited. The copepodites of Eudiaptomus graciloides and Cyclops scutifer maintained different depths staying respectively near surface and in the meta-hypolimnion. A broader distribution with increasing density was evident among rotifers and C. scutifer nauplii. Density-dependent habitat selection behaviour is considered as a mechanism explaining the observed distribution of predators and competing prey and promoting species coexistence.     

中国沼泽研究的几个问题

中国沼泽研究已有三十多年历史。三十年来先后对主要沼泽分布区进行综合考察,获得了丰富的研究成果,填补了沼泽学科的空白。今后的沼泽研究应从下列几方面入手:(1)在查明资源的基础上,建立我国沼泽的分类体系和信息系统;(2)加强沼泽基础理论研究,逐步完善中国沼泽学科体系;(3)进行沼泽综合开发模式和泥炭利用的研究;(4)建立若干沼泽生态站和保护区,保护部分有价值的沼泽地。     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地蒸散量研究

利用涡度相关技术对三江平原典型沼泽湿地蒸散量及其影响因子进行研究,结果表明沼泽湿地蒸散量时间变化特征明显。日出后蒸散量逐渐增加,12:00～13:00(北京时间)达到最大值,6～10月各月平均值分别为285.5、257.4、243.0、167.1和65.9W.m-2,各月总蒸散量分别为120.9、101.6、93.1、59.3和25.9mm。与同期降雨量相比,6～9月沼泽湿地水量发生亏缺,亏缺量分别为72.7、3.2、58.8和44.4mm。沼泽湿地蒸散量受环境因子影响强烈。蒸散量与净辐射呈显著线性正相关。蒸散量也随饱和水汽压差的增加而增加,但植物发育成熟后,当饱和水汽压差大于某一阈值(11hPa)时,饱和水汽压差的增加反而抑制了水分蒸散。另外,白天风速增加在一定程度上能够促进水分蒸散。     

湿地蓄水量动态SD仿真研究--以三江平原沼泽湿地为例

在沼泽湿地水循环系统分析基础上,根据系统动力学方法和原理,探讨湿地蓄水量动态仿真的方法、步骤和过程;以三江平原湿地生态实验站沼泽湿地为例,通过系统分析、函数建立、程序编写等过程建立了沼泽湿地蓄水量动态仿真模型,对模型反复检验和调试,直到获得较好的仿真效果;通过1997、1998、1999连续三年湿地水位变化实测与仿真结果的对比显示,仿真效果较好。     

Controls on accumulation of anomalously thick coals: Implications for sequence stratigraphic analysis

Coal seams preserve high-resolution records of ancient terrestrial water table (base level) fluctuations in ancient peat accumulations, but little is known about base level change in anomalously thick coal seams. Using the Early Cretaceous 91 m anomalously thick No. 6 coal (lignite) seam in the Erlian Basin (north-east China) as a case study, the origin and evolution of peat accumulation in a continental faulted basin is revealed by sedimentological, sequence stratigraphic and coal petrological analyses. The lignite is dominated by huminite, indicating oxygen-deficient and waterlogged conditions in the precursor mire. Four types of key sequence stratigraphic surfaces are recognized, including paludification, terrestrialization, accommodation-reversal and give-up transgressive surfaces. Vertically, the No. 6 coal seam consists of fourteen superimposed wetting-up and drying-up cycles separated by key sequence stratigraphic surfaces, with each of these cycles having a mean duration of about 156 to 173 kyr. In a high accommodation peat swamp system, the wetting-up cycles are generally characterized by an upward increase in mineral matter and inertodetrinite and an upward decrease in huminite with the paludification surface as their base and the give-up transgressive surface or accommodation-reversal surface as their top, representing a trend of upward-increasing accommodation. In contrast, the drying-up cycles are generally characterized by an upward decrease in mineral matter and inertodetrinite and an upward increase in huminite, with the terrestrialization surface as their base and the accommodation-reversal surface as their top, representing a trend of upward-decreasing accommodation. A multi-phase mire stacking model for accumulation of the coal seam is proposed based on high-frequency accommodation cycles and the stratigraphic relationships between coal and clastic sediments. High-frequency accommodation cycles in the coal are closely related to water table fluctuations in the precursor mires and are driven by high-frequency climate via changes in the intensity and seasonality of precipitation in a relatively stable subsidence regime. Recognition that the No. 6 coal seam is composed of multiple stacked mires has implications for studies addressing palaeoclimatic inferences and genesis of anomalously thick coals seams.     

A high‐resolution record of mire development and climatic change spanning the Late‐glacial–Holocene boundary at Church Moss,Davenham (Cheshire,England)

Excavations of deposits filling a closed basin within glacial drift at Church Moss, Davenham, near Northwich (Cheshire, England) revealed a sequence of Late‐glacial and Early Holocene sediments. Analyses of pollen and plant and invertebrate macrofossils were undertaken, together with loss‐on‐ignition analyses and a programme of AMS radiocarbon dating, to provide a record of changing biostratigraphy and climatic and ecological regimes. The infilling of features identified as frost‐cracks in the till flooring the basin gave remains that reflected conditions of extreme cold towards the end of the Devensian. The pollen record from a 3.5 m sequence of peat towards the deepest part of the basin, supported by radiocarbon dates, shows that organic deposition was initiated during the Late‐glacial Interstadial and continued into the early part of the Holocene. There was some evidence for a cool episode during the interstadial, with amelioration prior to the rapid onset of the tundra conditions of the Loch Lomond Stadial. Following the stadial, amelioration was rapid. There was evidence from both central and marginal sequences for a mosaic of fen dominated by sedges and often also mosses, with short‐lived small pools through much of the succession. Change to terrestrial conditions proceeded intermittently, probably as a result of subsidence caused by solution of underlying salt‐bearing strata. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

哈泥贫营养泥炭沼泽毛壁泥炭藓种群密度制约初探

在哈泥贫营养沼泽,研究了毛壁泥炭藓(Sphagnumimbricatum)种群的密度制约规律,结果表明,种群出生率、死亡率和增长率均表现为负密度制约;随初始密度的增加,种群出生率和增长率下降,死亡率增加;分株高度和生物量及其分配无严格的密度制约规律。毛壁泥炭藓种群密度制约规律的特殊性与复杂性与其特殊的生物学特性有关。保水合作与光资源竞争的权衡是决定种群数量特征对密度变化响应的主要原因。     

Spring water table depth mediates within-site variation of soil temperature in groundwater-fed mires

Groundwater-dependent ecosystems represent globally rare edaphic islands of scattered distribution, often forming areas of regionally unique environmental conditions. A stable groundwater supply is a key parameter defining their ecological specificity, promoting also soil thermal buffering. Still, a limited number of studies dealt with the importance of water temperature in mire ecosystems and virtually no data exist on within-site variation in the temperature buffer effect. Three temperature dataloggers, placed in patches potentially differing in groundwater supply, were installed in each of 19 Western Carpathian spring mire sites from May 2019 to July 2020. Spring source plots statistically differed in water temperature parameters from the plots located towards the spring mire margin, which did not significantly differ from one another. At the majority of sites, the temperature values changed gradually from spring source to mire margins, fitting the pattern expected in the groundwater temperature buffering scenario. Dataloggers placed in the spring sources were the most distinctive from the others in thermal buffering parameters in conditional principal component analysis. The difference between the spring source and its margin was on average 3.25 °C for 95th percentile of the recorded water temperature data points (i.e. warm extremes) and 1.91 °C for 5th percentile (i.e. cold extremes). This suggests that if the temperature at spring source area is considered, thermal buffering within a site may mitigate mainly warm extremes. Thus, our data may provide an important baseline for predictions of possibly upcoming changes in spring mire hydrology caused by climate change. Both warming and precipitation decrease can give rise to the loss or substantial reduction of buffering effect if the contrasting parameters now recorded at the central part shift to those found towards the margins of groundwater-fed areas.     

采水量对寡营养海域浮游真核微生物分子多样性评价的影响

真核微生物是海洋生态系统中生物多样性高且功能重要的组成部分,但因个体微小且形态特征不明显,传统的分类学方法很难全面评估其多样性。环境DNA结合高通量测序技术为真核微生物多样性研究提供了可靠技术支撑,然而采水量对于评估寡营养海域浮游真核微生物多样性的影响仍知之甚少。本研究在吕宋海峡及菲律宾海盆中设置5个采样点,每个站点各取4个10 L表层海水样品用于真核微生物高通量测序分析。对各站每个重复所获得的真核微生物多样性进行研究,并分析了采水量与真核微生物OTU数量、群落结构及优势种和稀有种之间的关系。研究发现,采水量和真核微生物OTU数量之间呈正相关关系,10 L水所获得的平均OTU数量为40 L水的64%,20 L水可获得82%,30 L水为92%。10 L样品所获得的群落多样性指数显著低于30 L和40 L样品检获的群落,而20 L样品与30 L和40 L样品在多样性指数上无显著差异。随着采水量增加,更多的稀有OTUs被检获,而丰富OTUs数量变化不明显。但统计分析显示,10 L与40 L组样品检获的真核微生物群落结构无显著差异。因此,综合考虑样品的可得性和现场处理时间,最低20 L的采水量可用于评估这一寡营养海域的真核微生物多样性和群落结构特点。