A numerical study of detached shear layers in a rotating sliced cylinder

Abstract

The low Rossby number flow in a rotating cylinder with an inclined bottom, of small slope, is examined when part of the lid of the container is rotating at a slightly different rate. The resulting flow is calculated numerically by solving the governing equations for the two-dimensional geostrophic motion which approximates the flow in most of the fluid including the inertially-modified E ^¼ -layers. The presence of ageostrophic regions, on the container walls and beneath the velocity discontinuity on the lid, is accounted for in the governing equations and their boundary conditions. This study supplements previous work on this configuration, in which the zero Rossby number flow was calculated and experimental results were presented, by enabling a direct comparison to be made between the results of the low Rossby number theory and the experiments. The numerical results for a range of Rossby and Ekman numbers compare well with those from the experiments despite a severe limitation on the size of the Rossby number arising from the analysis in the ageostrophic part of the detached shear layer.     

The catastrophe structure of thermohaline convection in a two-dimensional fluid model and a comparison with low-order box models

Abstract

We impose a surface forcing on the 2D, Boussinesq, thermohaline equations in a rectangular domain, in the form of equatorially symmetric cosine distributions of salinity flux and temperature. This system may be seen as an idealization of the ocean thermohaline circulation on the global scale over intervals of centuries or millenia. Multiple steady states are found numerically. They reflect the competition between the opposite signs of the temperature and salinity-driven equatorially symmetric circulations. There are also pole-to-pole, equatorially asymmetric circulations. In the control space of the temperature and salinity-flux forcing amplitudes, these equilibria form two cusp catastrophes, and transitions between stable equilibria occur through several distinct bifurcations. These catastrophes can be reproduced in simple box models connecting stirred reservoirs through capillary pipes. This steady-state analysis may provide a framework for a better understanding of climatic transitions between different stable regimes of the ocean-atmosphere system.     

Fission of a weakly nonlinear interfacial solitary wave at a step

The transformation of a weakly nonlinear interfacial solitary wave in an ideal two-layer flow over a step is studied. In the vicinity of the step the wave transformation is described in the framework of the linear theory of long interfacial waves, and the coefficients of wave reflection and transmission are calculated. A strong transformation arises for propagation into shallower water, but a weak transformation for propagation into deeper water. Far from the step, the wave dynamics is described by the Korteweg-de Vries equation which is fully integrable. In the vicinity of the step, the reflected and transmitted waves have soliton-like shapes, but their parameters do not satisfy the steady-state soliton solutions. Using the inverse scattering technique it is shown that the reflected wave evolves into a single soliton and dispersing radiation if the wave propagates from deep to shallow water, and only dispersing radiation if the wave propagates from shallow to deep water. The dynamics of the transmitted wave is more complicated. In particular, if the coefficient of the nonlinear quadratic term in the Korteweg-de Vries equation is not changed in sign in the region after the step, the transmitted wave evolves into a group of solitons and radiation, a process similar to soliton fission for surface gravity waves at a step. But if the coefficient of the nonlinear term changes sign, the soliton is destroyed completely and transforms into radiation. The effects of cubic nonlinearity are studied in the framework of the extended Korteweg-de Vries (Gardner) equation which is also integrable. The higher-order nonlinear effects influence the amplitudes of the generated solitons if the amplitude of the transformed wave is comparable with the thickness of lower layer, but otherwise the process of soliton fission is qualitatively the same as in the framework of the Korteweg-de Vries equation.     

China Digital Ocean Prototype System

Abstract

Digital Ocean is a new research domain of Digital Earth. Because of the spatio-temporal, three-dimensional (3D) and intrinsically dynamic nature of ocean data, it is more difficult to make a breakthrough in this domain. The construction of the China Digital Ocean Prototype System (CDOPS) pushes Digital Ocean a step forward from its operation as a mere concept to its achievement as a realistic system. In this paper, the technical framework of the CDOPS is discussed, including its data, function, and application layers. Then, two key technologies are studied in detail that will enable the construction of the 3D ocean environment and the visualization of the ocean model output data. Practical demonstrations show that the CDOPS provides a technical reference for the development of Digital Ocean. This paper is based on an ongoing research project of the development of CDOPS that aims at the facilitation, integration, sharing, accessing, visualization, and use of the ocean data and model computing data from the Digital Earth perspective.     

MASCULINISM,POWER, AND DISCOURSES OF EXCLUSION IN BRIAN BERRY’S “SCIENTIFIC” GEOGRAPHY

This paper examines the impact of changes in industry mix, changes in technology, differential plant growth, plant entry and plant exit on metropolitan labor productivity growth between 1963 and 1997. Analysis is based upon unpublished plant-level data from the United States Bureau of the Census. We show that manufacturing productivity varies markedly between metropolitan areas in the United States. The most influential components of productivity growth are technological changes within incumbent plants and changes in industry mix. Significant differences in the relative contributions of these components of productivity change exist across metropolitan areas. Regional differences in rates of plant openings and plant closures also exert considerable impact on metropolitan productivity improvement.     

用于厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)研究的海气耦合模式综述：中间型和混合型模式

厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)是地球气候系统中最强的年际变率信号, 起源于热带太平洋海气相互作用过程, 并对全球的天气和气候等产生显著的影响。过去几十年来, 广泛、深入而细致的海气相互作用研究致力于发展和改进海气耦合模式以用于ENSO模拟和预测, 各种类型的海气耦合模式应运而生。经过半个多世纪的努力, ENSO数值模式及其应用已经取得了巨大进展, 包括已发展了一些高度理想化的概念(concept)模型来解释ENSO准周期性循环(包括正负反馈机制等); 同时也已发展了几类复杂程度不同的海气耦合模式并用于对ENSO的真实模拟和实时预测等研究, 尤其是已能提前6个月或更长时间对ENSO事件的发生和发展等进行有效的实时预测。其中最为复杂的模式是基于原始方程组的大气环流模式(Atmospheric General Circulation Models, AGCMs)与海洋环流模式(Oceanic General Circulation Models, OGCMs)等所组成的环流型耦合模式(Coupled General Circulation Models, CGCMs), 这类模式变量取为完全变量的形式(如总的海表温度场, 其可以分解为气候态部分和年际异常部分), 还考虑了尽可能详尽的物理过程及其参数化方案。中间型耦合模式(Intermediate Coupled Models, ICMs)是一类介于高度理想化概念模型与复杂的环流型耦合模式之间的简化模式, 其对应的控制方程组采用距平形式, 直接取大气和海洋年际异常场作为预报变量(如海表温度年际异常), 而相应的气候平均态部分则由对应的观测资料来给定; 大气与海洋模式间的耦合采用异常耦合(anomaly coupling)。混合型耦合模式(Hybrid Coupled Models, HCMs)是另一类简化的海气耦合模式, 其中海洋或大气模式有一个分量模式采用了简化的距平类模式(类似于ICMs),而另一个分量模式则采用环流型模式(General Circulation Models, GCMs); 如可采用统计的大气风应力年际异常模式与OGCM间的耦合而构建一种HCM_OGCM,也可采用简化的海洋距平类模式(如ICM中的海洋分量模式)与AGCM间的耦合而构建另一种HCM^AGCM。历史上, ICMs、HCMs和CGCMs等这几类耦合模式都在ENSO理论体系的发展、数值模拟和实时预测等方面都起到了重要作用。本文主要回顾作者与合作者所研发的ICMs和HCMs的构建、特点和应用例子等。     

叶绿素荧光遥感在陆地生态系统碳循环和陆气相互作用中的应用研究进展

陆地生态系统通过植被光合作用可以吸收约30％的人为碳排放,在全球碳循环、减缓大气二氧化碳浓度上升等方面具有重要作用。最近10年发展起来的日光诱导叶绿素荧光遥感技术,可以监测植被实际光合作用,为全球陆地生态系统碳循环的研究提供了新的思路和方法。本文回顾了叶绿素荧光遥感产品发展及其在陆地生态系统碳循环和陆气相互作用中的应用研究进展,特别是在全球植被总初级生产力估算和陆地生态系统碳循环模型发展方面的进展,并进一步讨论了该领域研究面临的挑战和未来的发展方向。     

On the Importance of High-Resolution in Large-Scale Ocean Models

Eddying global ocean models are now routinely used for ocean prediction, and the value-added of a better representation of the observed ocean variability and western boundary currents at that resolution is currently being evaluated in climate models. This overview article begins with a brief summary of the impact on ocean model biases of resolving eddies in several global ocean–sea ice numerical simulations. Then, a series of North and Equatorial Atlantic configurations are used to show that an increase of the horizontal resolution from eddy-resolving to submesoscale-enabled together with the inclusion of high-resolution bathymetry and tides significantly improve the models' abilities to represent the observed ocean variability and western boundary currents. However, the computational cost of these simulations is extremely large, and for these simulations to become routine, close collaborations with computer scientists are essential to ensure that numerical codes can take full advantage of the latest computing architecture.     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床角岩中黑云母矿物化学特征及地质意义

甲玛铜多金属矿床角岩中黑云母按其产状可区分为原生黑云母和热液黑云母,本文采用扫描电镜对两类产出状态的黑云母进行了观察,采用电子探针(EPMA)对这两类黑云母进行了微区原位成分分析,并根据电子探针数据计算了黑云母的矿物化学式。角岩中的原生黑云母和热液黑云母均属于镁质黑云母,二者都经受了热液流体的改造作用。从原生黑云母到热液黑云母Fe3+和Fe2+分异程度加大,Fe3+含量升高,Fe2+含量降低,指示了岩浆-热液流体逐渐向氧化态过渡。相比于原生黑云母,Cu元素更易于在热液黑云母中富集。角岩型矿石中的Cu含量与热液黑云母的Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg2+)比值呈正相关,与其Fe3+/Fe2+比值呈负相关,对于热液黑云母所在的角岩型岩矿石样品,其矿化强度或可以黑云母的Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg2+)比值来衡量;而Mo元素在两类黑云母中均广泛分布,不具有选择性赋存的特征。     

云县-景谷火山弧带大中河晚志留世火山岩的发现及其地质意义

云县-景谷火山弧带大中河地区新识别出一套晚志留世中基性-中酸性火山岩组合,其LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄为421.2±1.2Ma和417.6±5.1Ma。该套火山岩具有富铝(12.73%～16.63%)、富钠(K₂O/Na₂O=0.56～0.99)和高Mg^#(46.0～50.0)的特征,属于钙碱性系列岩石;同时富集轻稀土,Eu具有不同程度的弱亏损,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),具有正ε_Nd(t)值(3.86～4.39)和较高的Th/Ta比值(15～17),显示与活动大陆边缘岛弧型火山岩相似的地球化学性质。大中河晚志留世火山岩很可能是俯冲沉积物流体交代地幔楔物质部分熔融的产物,并在岩浆上升过程中经历了一定的分离结晶作用和浅部地壳物质的同化混染;结合区域同期(410～420Ma)岩浆活动及相关的高压变质事件分析,应为原-古特提斯洋在早古生代末期向东俯冲消减作用的产物,从而为扬子陆块西部边缘晚古生代"三江"多岛弧盆系的形成演化提供了前锋弧发育的岩石学证据及其动力学机制。