古尔班通古特沙漠南缘心叶驼绒藜种群更新的空间格局

心叶驼绒藜（C. ewersmanniana）是干旱区优质牧草和防风固沙植被的主要物种。在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘选择两个200 m×200 m具代表性样地,采用Ripley’s K(d)函数分析了心叶驼绒藜种群更新空间特征以及与群落梭梭（^{Haloxylon ammodendron}）、琵琶柴（^{Reaumuria soongorica}）、新疆绢蒿（^{Seriphidium kaschgaricum}）等三种主要灌木物种间作用关系。发现两个样点心叶驼绒藜大株（繁殖株）的空间分布对后代以及整个种群的空间分布影响极大,两个样点心叶驼绒藜大株、中株均与幼株间呈不同尺度的正关联,全部植株以及幼株都与新疆绢蒿呈正关联,与梭梭呈负关联,与琵琶柴关联性在两个样点结果相反。分析认,为心叶驼绒藜种群更新对成株依赖性极强,空间扩展能力很低。在0—35 m范围内种群更新的空间自相关性明显。四种灌木空间分布关系除受各自生态位决定外,主要受水等环境因素作用。最后对心叶驼绒藜等生态恢复方法提出建议。     

绿洲-荒漠交界处蒸发与地表热量平衡分析

本文利用波文比方法对绿洲－荒漠交界处的绿洲和荒漠的蒸发和地表热量平衡过程进行了探讨．结果表明，波文比方法对于绿洲适用而于荒漠却不适用．     

生态环境脆弱性概念的若干问题探讨

探讨脆弱性在不同研究领域的科学含义以及对理解生态环境脆弱性的启发。着重分析生态环境脆弱性概念的不同观点,在此基础上提出一些看法和认识。论述了生态环境脆弱性与敏感性、稳定性、生态脆弱带之间的关系。     

荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性与维持机制

景观稳定性与维持机制是景观生态学理论的重要基础。由于人类活动干扰和景观斑块自然属性及资源条件约束,荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性研究成为干旱区生态学研究热点。选取描述景观斑块大小（MPA）、数量（PD）、大斑块优势度（LPI）和斑块空间关系（ENN）等4个指数,采用统计学中的变异系数和景观稳定性指数分析了荒漠绿洲交错区不同景观水平稳定性。从景观指数稳定性来看,无论是景观或斑块类型水平,斑块间平均距离指数稳定性最高,平均斑块面积指数次之,斑块密度指数居第三,大斑块优势度指数最低。景观与斑块类型水平比较而言,景观尺度同类指数稳定性都高于斑块类型尺度。从景观稳定性时间尺度依赖特征来看,线性趋势分析表明景观水平尺度依赖特征达到了显著水平（P=0.003）,低于斑块类型水平的沙质荒漠（P<0.001）与砾质荒漠（P<0.001）。从景观稳定性维持机制来看,Pearson相关分析显示人类活动导致的绿洲化和地下水埋深是影响荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性的主要原因（双侧检查都为P<0.01）;沙漠化过程（0.01 < P < 0.05）和相邻斑块属性等自然现状是次要原因。     

鄂尔多斯草原沙漠交错区生态系统健康评价——以十大孔兑为例

生态系统健康是生态学在景观和区域尺度的主要研究领域,应用RS技术判读生态系统格局变化是生态系统健康评价有效手段。十大孔兑地处中国草原沙漠交错区,受到的干扰较多,生态系统健康状况在中国生态交错区具有代表性。基于生态系统（土地利用）格局和相应生态系统服务价值当量应用RS和GIS技术评价了十大孔兑地区不同地理类型区生态系统健康状况。结果表明：（1）十大孔兑生态系统以健康区为主,面积为686 925.72 hm²,占总面积64.66%;研究区南部（草原区）、中部（沙漠区）和北部（平原区）健康区比例都大于50%。（2）健康区最大斑块指数（LPI）总体为62.47%,从北到南分别为22.42%、65.04%、66.25%;平均欧几里得距离（ENN_MN）总体为526.51 m,从北到南分别为293.47、287.14、298.09 m。（3）健康区在十大孔兑以集中连片团聚结构为绝对优势,尤其是南部和中部表现明显,但是北部团聚性较南部和中部弱;良好区和恶化区呈现为低频率离散分布,北部较南部和中部良好区分布频率更高、更聚集,南部较中部和北部恶化区分布频率更低、更离散;较好区和较差区呈现高频率离散分布。     

滇西北生态脆弱区土地利用变化及其生态效应 ——以云南省永胜县为例

土地利用/土地覆被变化及其生态环境效应研究是当前地理学全球变化研究的核心内容,而生态系统服务功能则是生态学、生态经济学研究的热点问题。作者利用滇西北生态脆弱区--永胜县1988年、1994年和1999年的TM遥感影像,采用景观生态学的空间格局指数分析研究区近10年来的土地利用动态变化特征,并以生态系统服务功能衡量相应土地利用类型的相对生态价值,评价区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的生态效应,尝试将二者有机结合起来。研究表明,全县景观总体构成表现为景观破碎度较高,斑块数目较多;林地和未利用地一直占很大比重,林地的不断增加与未利用地的迅速减少是研究时段内土地利用变化的突出特征;研究时段内全县土地利用变化带来了较好的生态效应,土地利用生态效益持续提高,并表现出了较大的空间差异。     

绿洲-沙漠过渡带柽柳灌丛沙堆表面的蚀、积特征

灌丛沙堆表面的蚀、积特征直接影响着沙堆的形成和发育,是研究灌丛沙堆的重要方面。选择策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带内半固定沙地和流动沙地上的各一个独立柽柳沙堆作为表面蚀、积特征的定点观测对象,运用地形测量结合插钎法对每场大风后沙堆表面的蚀、积量与蚀、积分布状况进行计算分析。结果表明：（1）处于半固定沙地的柽柳沙堆,整体蚀、积空间分布规律不显著且蚀、积量相对较少,以微弱的蚀、积变化为显著特征,形态相对稳定。与之相对,处于流动沙地的柽柳沙堆,整体具有显著的空间分布规律和较高的蚀、积强度,这表明柽柳沙堆所处环境的沙源供给强度是控制沙堆单体规模的主要因素之一。（2）伴随着柽柳灌丛开始萌动到逐渐形成一定的灌丛覆盖,沙堆表面由大面积侵蚀逐步转为积沙,风蚀退缩到沙堆两侧且总体上沙堆体积在年内呈先减小后增大的波动状态。（3）柽柳灌丛沙堆以灌丛内部具有覆盖的保护区域及背风侧大面积稳定积沙,迎风和两侧区域强烈风蚀为主要蚀、积分布特征。     

Characteristics of Wind Erosion and Deposition in Oasis-desert Ecotone in Southern Margin of Tarim Basin,China

The oasis-desert ecotone is a fragile ecological zone that is affected both by oasis and desert conditions. To understand the impact of the differences in wind power, and the influence of wind erosion and deposition on the ecotone, meteorological data and con- temporaneous wind erosion and deposition data were collected on the southern margin of Tarim Basin with serious sand-blown hazards. The wind velocity, average wind velocity, sand drift potential （DP）, resultant sand drift potential （RDP）, and sand transportation rate decrease significantly and successively across four landscape types with increasing vegetation coverage （VC）. Flat surfaces and areas of shifting sandy ground experience intense wind erosion with fast movement of mobile sand dunes; semi-fixed sand areas experience ex- tensive wind deposition but only slight wind erosion; and fixed sand areas experience only slight wind erosion and deposition. Volume of wind erosion on bare newly reclaimed farmland is up to 6.96 times that of bare shifting sandy ground. Wind erosion volume per unit area and VC follow an exponential function relationship in natural conditions, while wind deposition volume per unit area does not conform to any functions which has close relationship with vary topography and arrangement patterns of vegetation besides for VC. The results indicate that the volume of wind erosion has a close correlation with VC, and different types and distribution patterns of topog- raphy and vegetation also profoundly influence the wind deposition volume in the field, and underground water tables in different land- scape types control the plant community distribution. Keywords： wind erosion; wind deposition; oasis-desert ecotone; vegetation coverage （VC）; topography; Cele County     

SANDSTONE WEATHERING THRESHOLDS IN PETRA,JORDAN

From ongoing research examining weathering rates and mechanisms in the Paleozoic sandstones of Petra, Jordan, two possible thresholds have been identified. From a carved Roman Theater built under Vitruvian standards during the first century A.D., a two-meter sampling scheme was used to measure the presently weathered surfaces from a hypothetical false datum determined through originally documented Roman engineering and construction canon. Some 526 depth measurements were made on vertical and horizontal surfaces and correlated to the intrinsic variables of sandstone matrix-to-clast ratios, overall densities, matrix chemistry (Si, Ca, Fe, Al concentrations), and to the extrinsic accumulated annual insolation receipt (mega-joules/m²).

When matrix iron concentrations exceeded 2%, an abrupt decrease in overall weatherability is indicated until weathering is found to have decreased below measurable limits at 4%. It is speculated that matrix iron acts as a sandstone-clast binding agent, reducing clast disaggregation. In sandstone strata with matrix calcium concentrations exceeding 10%, weathering was accelerated with insolation >5200–5300 megajoules/m². It is speculated that the increased heating from insolation is responsible for irregular calcite crystal expansion and contraction causing matrix/clast interface microfracturing, clast disaggregation, and subsequent weathering.

Mean recession rates ranged from 13 to 66 mm/millennium on horizontal surfaces and from 7 to 18 mm/millennium on vertical surfaces. Gross differences in recession rates were attributed to the extrinsic influences of moisture availability (slope) and insolation (aspect), while minor differences were attributed to intrinsic characteristics of matrix chemistry (Fe, Ca), sandstone density, and clast/matrix ratios. [Key words: sandstone, weathering, erosion, Petra, Jordan.]     

Rocky Substrate and the Lower Treeline Ecotone of Yellowstone's Northern Range

Lower treeline ecotones are influenced by several processes, including fire, grazing, and climatic variables, but rocky substrate is an under-recognized factor affecting their patterns and dynamics. On the Northern Range of Yellowstone National Park, we hypothesized that north-facing slopes and riparian zones would explain the distribution of most forested areas, but that rocky substrate would explain a substantial additional portion of the lower treeline, and that advancement of conifers into grassland has occurred along rocky substrate. We used GIS software and change detection analysis to assess the spatial distribution and change of the forest with respect to north-facing slopes, riparian areas, and rocky substrate. As in other lower treeline studies, we found that north-facing slopes and riparian zones contained the majority of forested land (63%). However, areas with rocky substrate accounted for more forested area than north-facing slopes and riparian zones combined (67.4%), including 28% of forest that was not explained by the first two variables. Change detection analysis between 1954 and 2006 revealed that conifer advancement was insignificant but the number of forested patches increased and the mean size of patches decreased. These results suggest a more fragmented lower treeline environment that may indicate forest advancement in small patches. Field surveys revealed that rocky substrate did not provide conifers with protection from browsing ungulates or fire, yet conifers preferentially established on rocky areas. Our landscape analysis suggests that weathered rock increases soil coarseness in a landscape dominated by fine glacial till, which improves conditions for seedling establishment by reducing competition with grasses and shrubs sufficiently to overcome the negative influence of dry, nutrient-poor microsites in a moisture-stressed environment.