2021年日本福岛县东部海域MW7.1级地震建筑震害特征

北京时间2月13日22时07分（当地时间2月13日23时07分）在日本福岛县东部海域发生了M_W7.1级地震,震源深度50 km,震中位于北纬37.75度,东经141.75度。此次地震发生在2011年东日本大地震约10周年之际,震中位置亦非常接近。根据搜集到的资料,部分房屋受损,发生严重结构性破坏的结构相对较少。建筑内部的水管泄漏和柜体倾覆,建筑外部的装饰面板和玻璃等非结构构件的破坏是此次地震的主要建筑震害特征。此外,此次地震没有人员死亡或失踪,仅造成了约180人受伤。非结构的破坏,如柜子倾倒和玻璃破碎是造成人员受伤的重要原因。建筑抗震设防标准高以及居民防灾意识强是此次地震震害轻和人员伤亡少的主要原因。与此同时,尽管在日本抗震设计规范中已充分注意建筑非结构部件的抗震要求,但仍主要针对与人员生命安全、重大次生灾害直接相关的建筑非结构部件进行抗震计算设计,对大量与财产安全及功能运行相关的部件仅作一般构造性要求,在地震中仍难以避免因非结构部件破坏造成的人员伤亡和建筑功能中断。     

Dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates in seagrass Thalassia hemprichii and its response to shading

A field survey was performed to examine nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics in seagrass Thalassia hemprichii at the Xincun Bay in southern China. An indoor experiment to investigate the response of NSC in T. hemprichii to shade was conducted. Belowground tissue of T. hemprichii was the dominant site of NSC reserves, and soluble sugar was the primary storage compound. The starch content of belowground tissue was lower in high intertidal areas than in low intertidal areas, indicating that the longer air exposure in high intertidal areas resulted in less NSC synthesis and less accumulation of NSC in T. hemprichii. The lowest level of soluble sugar and its proportion to NSC in belowground tissue were observed near the cage culture area, where the nutrient concentration in water and sediment was the highest;while the highest level of that was observed near the coastal shrimp farm,where salinity was the lowest. Soluble sugar in belowground tissue showed the following trend: summer>spring>winter>autumn. This corresponded to seasonal changes in the intensity of light. Leaf sugar accumulated during the autumn-winter period, providing a carbon and energy source for flower bud formation and seed germination. Short-termshading decreased NSC accumulation. Collectively, these results suggest that nutrient enrichment, freshwater discharge and exposure to air affect NSC dynamics in T. hemprichii. Light intensity, flower bud formation, and seed germination were all found to induce seasonal variations in NSC in T. hemprichii.     

Seismic Hazard Mitigation for Buildings

Recent natural hazards have exposed the dire consequence of damage and impact upon the built environment. It appears that one of the biggest challenges to the natural hazard mitigation community is how to improve the performance of older building and infrastructure to enhance their ability to withstand natural hazards. By improving their performance, the risk associated with buildings and infrastructure against natural hazards can be mitigated. Within the context of risk management of buildings against earthquakes, the general practice is to follow a three-step process, namely screening, evaluation and mitigation. Screening constitutes a preliminary evaluation process and sets priority for detailed evaluation. Evaluation compares a built environment with code requirements for new construction and sets priority for mitigation. Mitigation can be achieved by means of retrofit or replacement. Retrofit is intended to improve the performance of built environment as required. Replacement may be the only viable solution when economical, technical and environmental considerations are account for.     

Diagenesis of organic matter—A study using stable isotopes of individual carbohydrates

This paper presents data on the isotopic compositions of individual carbohydrates which have been isolated from both living organisms and from a depositional environment. Through recent developments in chromatography, isolation of monosaccharides quantity for isotopic analysis is possible. Carbohydrates isolated from marine and terrestrial plants and animals have carbon isotopic compositions which clearly indicate biosynthetic processes which are recognized to be associated with isotopic fractionations during the incorporation and metabolism of carbon. Stable nitrogen isotopic compositions of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, isolated from a variety of chitins, indicate a common fractionation of nitrogen which may be associated with transamination. This fractionation is estimated to be about –9%₀ relative to the whole organism. Through the isotopic label, the source or history of an organic material may be traced through diagenesis. Further, production of non-indigenous carbohydrates, which may be associated with fungal or bacterial action, can be identified through depleted isotopic compositions. Xylose, for example, isolated from a peat, was approximately 8% more depleted in carbon than the whole peat or mannose isolated from the same peat. The isotopic distributions of carbohydrates isolated from living organisms are essential for the interpretation of those characterized in natural mixtures from an environment.     

非结构糖在柠条(Caragana korshinskii K.)再生生长和持续生存中的作用

 柠条在地上组织破坏后从根颈处萌蘖出大量的一年生枝，根系储存的碳水化合物将供应地上生长。但连续刈割后根系储存物质如何变化，储存物质在柠条生长和维持存活中的作用仍须研究。本文在不同时间段内对柠条新萌蘖枝进行连续去除（处理1：对照，3月28日刈割1次后不再处理；处理2：从萌芽到6月9日，每3 d去除一次新萌发枝；处理3：从萌芽到6月24日，每3 d去除一次新萌发枝；处理4：从萌芽到7月15，每3 d去除一次新萌发枝）。结果表明：处理3和4在7月非结构糖含量显著高于处理1和2，说明处理1和2将根系储存的非结构糖用于地上生物量的恢复。连续刈割处理（处理3和4）导致柠条根系非结构糖含量持续下降，这主要是由根系呼吸作用引起。秋末对当年生枝统计结果表明，各处理之间当年生枝数/刈割枝在各处理间差异不显著，说明柠条对外界的破坏具有极强的忍耐能力。     

Stickstoff- und Kohlenhydratspeicherung in Rhizomen von Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel an unterschiedlichen aquatischen Standorten oberbayerischer Seen

Nitrogen and carbohydrate utilization in Phragmites australis rhizomes was investigated under natural conditions at 10 sites in 5 lakes in Upper Bavaria over a period of two years. Nitrate and ammonium of surface and interstitial water was determined. The results indicate that conditions of habitat and environment, such as climate and fluctuation of water level, lead to different adaptations of reed. These parameters had an effect on the storage of nitrogen and carbohydrate. The reed stands exposed to high water level during spring and summer have a high carbohydrate content in the rhizomes. A positive correlation was shown between the aboveground biomass and the content of storaged carbohydrates during the vegetation period. No relationship could be demonstrated between the nitrogen availability of the habitats and the type of storage of carbohydrates and nitrogen. The nitrogen content in the rhizomes can be used as an indicator of the ability of reed stands to produce new secondary shoots after shoot loss. The differently established reed genotypes are not able to compensate short-term environmental changes, such as growing leisure problems and higher shoot loss by the increasing appearance of waterfowl, from their reserve storage.     

Particulate carbohydrates and uronic acids in the northern East China Sea

Carbohydrate species, such as uronic acids, play an important role in oceanic carbon cycling, coagulation and adsorption processes. Concentrations of particulate carbohydrates (PCHO) and uronic acids (PURA) were measured in the northern East China Sea (ECS) during June and November, 2006. In June, maximum concentrations of PCHO and PURA were observed in the surface layer of coastal waters. Their concentrations rapidly decreased with depth, suggesting that they are both bio-reactive. Moreover, phytoplankton abundance and bacterial biomass seem to be associated with observed PCHO and PURA concentrations in the ECS during June, suggesting that production of carbohydrate species in the ECS is regulated by phytoplankton assemblages, bacterial assimilation or degradation. In November, however, PCHO and PURA concentrations were homogenous within the water column due to strong vertical mixing. No strong correlations were observed between carbohydrate species (PCHO and PURA) and phytoplankton or bacterial biomass, suggesting that production of these compounds in November might be caused by the physiological difference between nutrient limited and non-nutrient limited phytoplankton. Furthermore, strong negative correlations between nutrients and PCHO species suggest that nutrient levels may be one of the driving forces behind the production of these compounds in the ECS.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrates sources on lipids compositions in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohydrates (dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch, wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch, respectively), all containing a carbohydrate level of 33.5%, were fed to abalone (initial shell length: 29.98 mm ± 0.09 mm; initial weight: 3.42 g ± 0.02 g) for 24 weeks in a recirculation system. The results indicate that serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch and wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in the foot muscles were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin than those fed with wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in hepatopancreas was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in abalone fed with heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C22:6n-3 in the foot muscles were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin and heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with wheat starch and potato starch.     

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates Sources on Lipids Compositions in Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohydrates (dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch, wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch, respectively), all containing a carbohydrate level of 33.5%, were fed to abalone (initial shell length: 29.98 mm±0.09 mm; initial weight. 3.42 g±0.02 g) for 24 weeks in a recirculation system. The results indicate that serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch and wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P<0.05)higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in the foot muscles were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin than those fed with wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in hepatopancreas was significantly (P<0.05) lower in abalone fed with heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C22:6n-3 in the foot muscles were significantly (P< 0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin and heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with wheat starch and potato starch.     

Regional Cooperation in Flood Management in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Region: Bangladesh Perspective

Bangladesh is known to behighly vulnerable to floods. Frequent floods have put enormous constraints on its development potential. Unfortunately, the frequency of high intensity floods is on the rise. So far the country has struggled to put a sizeable infrastructure in place to prevent flooding in may parts of the country with limited success. In recent times, it was found that losses of lives and valuable assets could be significantly minimized by implementing non-structural measures including the improvement of flood forecasting and warning system. The existing flood forecasting and warning capacity of Bangladesh could be more effective if real-timedata could be acquired from upstreamareas within the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) catchment, where runoff is generated. In order to do so, Bangladesh needs to foster an effective regional cooperationwith the other GBM regional countries of India, Nepal, and Bhutan. This article examines how GBM regional cooperation could be useful towards managing floods in Bangladesh in particularand the region in general.