中国城市非正规就业研究综述——兼论全球化背景下地理学视角的研究议题

非正规就业研究已引起全球范围内学者的广泛重视.自改革开放以来,我国城市就业模式变化迅速,非正规就业已发展成为重要的就业形式,其研究日趋为学术界所关注.当前我国对非正规就业研究以社会学和经济学为主,主要集中在非正规就业的概念,非正规就业产生的原因,农民工、下岗工人、妇女、高校毕业生等群体非正规就业的特征及非正规就业的发展对策.文中系统梳理和评价了国内研究现状,指出从地理学视角出发的3个非正规就业研究议题包括非正规就业与全球化、非正规就业与城市化以及非正规就业的空间.     

城镇化发展如何影响非正规就业？

城镇化是城镇非正规经济发展的载体,是影响非正规就业的重要因素之一。采用2006—2017年省际面板数据,并利用邻接矩阵和地理距离矩阵构建空间杜宾（SDM）模型,实证分析了城镇化发展对非正规就业的影响及作用机制。研究发现：城镇化发展会通过直接效应和空间溢出效应两种作用传导机制对非正规就业产生显著的促进作用。其中,直接效应主要通过集聚效应、空间效应、投资效应三种途径来直接促进本地区的非正规就业,同时邻近地区之间的城镇化发展存在协同效应,这使得地区城镇化发展对非正规就业有显著的正向空间溢出效应,而且相比于边界相邻地区,地理距离相近地区的正向溢出效应更强。而且,各省份的政府竞争在城镇化发展对非正规就业的空间溢出效应中具有完全中介作用,是产生正向空间溢出效应的重要因素。     

ICT对城中村居民居住和就业迁移空间的影响——以北京5个城中村调查为例

近年来中国以互联网技术为核心的信息通讯技术(ICT)发展迅速,对居民的社会经济活动、生活方式等产生了深刻影响。本文利用问卷调查、微信访谈等方式调查了北京5个典型城中村,利用多元无序多分类logistic回归模型验证信息渠道对城中村居民居住和迁移空间的影响,结果表明：城中村住房市场非正规化从信息源头切断了居民通过互联网获取住房信息的渠道,加上城中村居民选择新住所具有就业导向和以地缘—血缘为纽带聚集的特征,信息渠道对城中村居民的居住迁移距离没有显著影响;受“就业锚点”、“距离衰减定律”和非正规就业影响,信息渠道对城中村居民近距离就业迁移也没有显著影响,但在更大空间范围内,城中村居民能通过招聘网站、社交网络等网络渠道获取就业信息,ICT的发展丰富了他们的信息获取渠道,扩大了就业空间选择,一定程度上减轻了时空制约。本文加深了关于ICT对居民日常活动空间影响、技术进步与社会平等关系的理解,丰富了居民时空间行为研究。     

中国旅游产业发展间接就业带动能力测算及其时空差异

旅游产业快速发展不仅直接就业效应大,而且对其他行业的间接就业带动能力更为显著。本文结合旅游剥离系数和投入产出分析方法,构建旅游产业发展的间接就业带动能力测算模型,利用Dagum基尼系数分解其时空差异演变,基于中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）的面板数据对旅游产业发展间接就业带动能力及其时空差异进行实证测算。结果显示：中国旅游产业间接就业带动规模从2000年的2684.6万人增长到2019年的4894.9万人,旅游产业发展间接就业带动能力显著提高;各省份旅游产业发展间接就业带动能力存在明显差距,总体上表现为东、中、西部地区依次递减;纵向比较来看,旅游间接就业带动作用有效突破了胡焕庸线的约束,但带动作用较强的地区主要集中在胡焕庸线东南半壁;对不同产业的间接就业带动能力差异显著,其中,对农林牧渔业和制造业的间接就业带动能力最突出;旅游行业内部比较来看,旅游交通运输、仓储和邮政通讯业、旅游住宿和餐饮业的间接就业带动能力处于主导地位;旅游间接就业带动能力总体差异呈收敛趋势,这种总体差异主要来源于地区间差距。     

南京城市低收入居民被迫搬迁后的就业变动及影响因素

依托南京市郊区近千户城市拆迁安置家庭入户调查数据,对城市低收入居民被迫搬迁后的就业变动过程及形成原因开展统计分析,利用生命历程理论构建就业变动纵贯数据库,使用事件史分析模型动态模拟了被迫搬迁后城市低收入居民的就业变动经历,探究其影响因素.研究发现:①90％以上的城市低收入居民被迫搬迁后经历了就业变动,就业变动集中发生在...     

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUTING DISTANCE,RESIDENCE, AND EMPLOYMENT LOCATION: METROPOLITAN HAIFA 1972 AND 1983*

This paper highlights three major aspects of gender differences in employment in Haifa, Israel (1972 and 1983): commuting distance, place of residence, and employment location. In 1972 working womenaposs residences were more central-city-oriented, whereas in 1983 they were more suburbanized. Commuting distances increased between 1972 and 1983 for both sexes, but more for men than for women. This shorter “female'’distance is related to the location of employment and its occupational segregation. The lower commuting values in Haifa compared to other places relate to the size, housing patterns, and structure of the study area, and to its levels of suburbanization and automobile ownership.     

Village renewal and rural development in the former German Democratic Republic

This paper analyses the ‘Dorferneuerung’ or village renewal scheme - a key policy for rural development in the new ‘Länder’ of Germany which has been transferred from the old Länder. The contribution that Dorferneuerung can make to rural development is considered, with particular reference to the experience of participating villages in Sachsen-Anhalt. It concludes that Dorferneuerung has contributed much to improving the built environment but little to new job creation. It is indicative of the advantages and disadvantages of reunification for rural development in the new Länder.     

Socio-geographical transition in the rural areas of the Carpathian Euroregion

Cross-border cooperation is starting to overcome the isolation of frontier regions where interaction under the socialist system was minimal. Change has been particularly apparent in areas where trans-frontier organisations on the ‘Euroregion’ model have emerged. The Carpathian Euroregion is the first exclusively East European example of this approach and it has already made a positive impact in overcoming backwardness in an area where four East European countries were in contact with the Former Soviet Union. The paper outlines the challenge facing the Euroregion – and the national and local governments in the five countries concerned – in providing non-agricultural employment for a large rural population augmented by return-migration from the towns since 1989. Many small farming businesses have been started as a survival strategy but they cannot be economically viable in a market situation. Although most people are satisified with their rural lifestyle, the inevitability of radical consolidation in a future EU context could be politically destabilising if more jobs are not generated in manufacturing and in an expanding tertiary sector. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The declining importance of agricultural employment in East Germany

Agriculture has ceased to be the major employer in the rural areas of East Germany. Far-reaching structural change has resulted in a sharp decrease in employment and the mono-structural character of villages has been lost. Unemployment is now a major problem and women are worst affected. New jobs have been created in construction and elsewhere in the tertiary sector but most people who have found new jobs have to commute to the towns or migrate permanently to the urban areas. A north-south contrast has developed because the more developed network of towns in the latter, combined with a relatively good infrastructure, has enabled many villages to survive as viable communities. An example is Fuchshain near Leipzig where employment with the farming company (the former cooperative with 4200 ha of land) has declined but the population has grown through new housing built for commuters. In the north there has been much depopulation and many houses are used as second homes. Either way there is more conflict occurring now within rural communities because of tensions between the employed and the unemployed and between old and new residents. It is therefore important that land use planning should take into account the changed economic and social profiles and measures should be adopted to ensure that the countryside remains visually attractive and socially cohesive. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

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