长白山哈泥泥炭地7种苔藓分布与环境关系研究

在长白山哈泥泥炭地调查7种苔藓的典型生境,共计93个样方,计测样方中苔藓植物的盖度和包括泥炭全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、K^＋和Ca^2＋等在内的9个环境因子,应用典范对应分析对数据进行处理,做出样方、物种与环境因子关系二维排序图,排序图直观地反映苔藓植物与环境因子间的关系。结果表明,排序图中同种苔藓为主的样方多数集中分布,个别分散分布;水位埋深、沼泽水pH以及乔木郁闭度和灌木盖度是影响泥炭地苔藓植物生态位分异的主要环境因子,泥炭全磷（TP）对苔藓植物分布影响较大。7种苔藓中,尖叶泥炭藓（Sphagnum capilifolium）、大泥炭藓（S．palustre）在乔木郁闭度和pH梯度上,喙叶泥炭藓（S．fallax）、沼泽皱缩藓（Aulacomnium palustre）在水位埋深和灌木盖度梯度上,生态位分异明显。锈色泥炭藓（S．fuscum）、桧叶金发藓（Polytrichum juniperinum）和中位泥炭藓（S．magellanicum）在各个环境梯度上生态位都比较相似。     

基于GIS的景观空间格局地形分布及生态效应的研究——以黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山地区为例

采用地形位指数描述区域地形差异,并利用无量纲的分布指数对景观组分空间分布特征进行定量分析;通过地形差异揭示景观空间格局分布规律,并对各景观要素定量赋值,通过生态效应模型研究土地利用综合生态效应。结果表明：自然景观主导区域景观格局,人为景观次之,半自然景观则明显处于支配地位;各景观组分在地形位梯度上的分布格局表现出显著分化,低段区域上各景观组分竞争激烈,分布相对集中,高段区域,限制了部分景观的生存发展,景观组分相对单一;生态环境质量好的区域,自然景观为主体;生态环境质量中等的区域,处于自然景观和人为景观的过渡地带;生态环境差的区域,以人为景观为主体。     

Trophic analysis of two species of Atopsyche (Trichoptera: Hydrobiosidae)

To compare the trophic niche of coexisting larvae of Atopsyche yunguensis and Atopsyche spinosa we analysed their gut contents and found little niche overlap: A. yunguensis fed primarily on Trichoptera and amorphous matter, whereas A. spinosa fed on Diptera. A. spinosa showed both a spatial range and a niche breadth larger than those of A. yunguensis. Behavioural observations on A. spinosa may emphasize the use of chelate anterior legs for securing preys. Both species have been included into the predator-clingers functional group.     

基于生态位理论的城市生态位研究——以河南各省辖市为例

生态位理论作为生态学的基本理论已被广泛引用到社会科学领域的研究之中.在相关学者对城市生态位研究的基础上廓清了城市生态位的深刻内涵,通过选择反映城市生态位的指标因子,根据城市生态位的计量模型,测算并分析了河南各省辖市城市生态位指标因子值.针对各省辖市在发展过程中存在的城市生产生态位、生活生态位区域差异显著以及城市环境生态位存在的问题,在生态位扩充理论的基础上提出了几点扩充河南各省辖市城市生态位的策略和措施.     

分析社会生态位，优化整合闽台旅游开发

“海峡两岸旅游区”是国家“十一五”优先规划和建设的重点旅游区之一。近年来,旅游业界、理论界为实现闽台旅游良性互动,进行了大胆的尝试与探索。本文从社会生态学原理的角度,分析闽台旅游资源与环境结构的同质、异质特征,并在此基础上提出优化整合闽台旅游资源,开发两岸旅游合作精品的战略思路及保障措施。     

山地城镇土地利用的经济生态位分析及持续发展--以重庆市为例

土地利用变化已成为当今经济社会中最活跃和最普遍的现象,是土地利用类型从低生态位向高生态位转变的自组织行为。对不同层次土地利用经济生态位进行调控,才能实现土地的持续利用。本文在生态位理论和系统边界理论的基础上,运用土地利用经济生态位模型,定量分析了重庆市土地利用类型间相互作用的强度。研究表明,重庆市农用地与非农用地经济生态位差较大,经济发展和城市化进程更加剧了建设用地占用农用地的速度和强度。同时,从经济生态位的角度探讨了持续土地利用的方法。     

基于密度的小生境粒子群算法在空间信息服务选择中的应用

针对现有空间信息服务选择技术的不足,提出了一种基于粒子群优化算法的多目标优化策略,通过同时优化多个QoS参数,产生一组满足约束条件的Pareto最优解。针对多峰函数的多目标优化问题,采用基于改进密度聚类的小生境技术,保证了解的多样性。构建了模拟试验环境,验证了算法的可行性和效率。     

浙江三门湾海域主要底上动物生态位及种间联结性

大型底上动物参与海洋生态系统中的物理、化学和生物过程,具有极高的研究价值。浙江三门湾是天然的半封闭海湾,也是海洋生物重要的栖息、觅食和育幼的场所。为探究三门湾海域物种间的资源利用情况及生态关系,在该海域进行了底拖网生物调查。根据2017年和2018年夏季在三门湾海域进行的大型底上生物研究结果,运用优势度(Y)、生态位宽度、生态位重叠、方差比率法(VR)、χ²检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)对生态位和种间联结性进行了研究。结果表明: 2017~2018年间三门湾海域共捕获大型底上动物53种,包括两年共有种,即主要底上动物22种。其中优势种3种,包括哈氏仿对虾(Mierspenaeopsis hardwickii)、中华栉孔虾虎鱼(Ctenotrypauchen chinensis)和棒锥螺(Turritella terebra),这三个物种属中生态位种;三门湾主要底上动物依据生态位宽度值划分为3组,即广生态位种、中生态位种和窄生态位种;种对间生态位重叠值总体差异性较大,其与种对的食性、栖息环境密切相关;根据总体联结性分析得主要底上动物总体呈显著正关联,群落结构较为稳定; χ²检验、联结系数(AC)和共同出现百分率(PC)表明种对间联结性较弱,趋近于相互独立。三门湾大型底上动物的群落结构比较稳定,但种对间的关联性在逐渐下降。     

How many predictors in species distribution models at the landscape scale? Land use versus LiDAR-derived canopy height

At the local spatial scale, land-use variables are often employed as predictors for ecological niche models (ENMs). Remote sensing can provide additional synoptic information describing vegetation structure in detail. However, there is limited knowledge on which environmental variables and how many of them should be used to calibrate ENMs. We used an information-theoretic approach to compare the performance of ENMs using different sets of predictors: (1) a full set of land-cover variables (seven, obtained from the LGN6 Dutch National Land Use Database); (2) a reduced set of land-cover variables (three); (3) remotely sensed laser data optimized to measure vegetation structure and canopy height (LiDAR, light detection and ranging); and (4) combinations of land cover and LiDAR. ENMs were built for a set of bird species in the Veluwe Natura 2000 site (the Netherlands); for each species, 26–214 records were available from standardized monitoring. Models were built using MaxEnt, and the best performing models were identified using the Akaike’s information criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc). For 78% of the bird species analysed, LiDAR data were included in the best AICc model. The model including LiDAR only was the best performing one in most cases, followed by the model including a reduced set of land-use variables. Models including many land-use variables tended to have limited support. The number of variables included in the best model increased for species with more presence records. For all species with 33 records or less, the best model included LiDAR only. Models with many land-use variables were only selected for species with >150 records. Test area under the curve (AUC) scores ranged between 0.72 and 0.92. Remote sensing data can thus provide regional information useful for modelling at the local and landscape scale, particularly when presence records are limited. ENMs can be optimized through the selection of the number and identity of environmental predictors. Few variables can be sufficient if presence records are limited in number. Synoptic remote sensing data provide a good measure of vegetation structure and may allow a better representation of the available habitat, being extremely useful in this case. Conversely, a larger number of predictors, including land-use variables, can be useful if a large number of presence records are available.     

Identifying minimal sets of survey techniques for multi-species monitoring across landscapes: an approach utilising species distribution models

Monitoring for species occupancy is often carried out at local scales, reflecting specific targets, available logistics, and funding. Problematically, conservation planning and management operate at broader scales and use information inventories with good scale coverage. Translating information between local and landscape scales is commonly treated in an ad hoc manner, but conservation decision-making can benefit from quantifying spatial-knowledge relationships. Fauna occupancy monitoring, in particular, suffers from this issue of scale, as there are many different survey methods employed for different purposes. Rather than ignoring how informative these methods are when predicting regional distributions, we describe a statistical approach that identifies survey combinations that provide the greatest additive value in mammal detection across different scales. We identified minimal sets of survey methods for 53 terrestrial mammal species across a large area in Australia (New South Wales (NSW), 800,000 km²) and for each of the 18 bioregions it encompasses. Utility of survey methods varied considerably at a landscape scale. Unplanned opportunistic sightings were the single largest source of species information (35%). The utility of other survey methods varied spatially; some were retained in minimal sets for many bioregions, while others were spatially restricted or unimportant. Predator scats, Elliot and pitfall trapping, spotlighting, and diurnal herpetofauna surveys were the most frequently included survey methods at a landscape scale. Use of our approach can guide identification of efficient combinations of survey methods, maximising detection and returns for monitoring. Findings and methodologies are easily transferable and are globally applicable across any taxa. They provide guidelines for managing scarce resources for regional ?monitoring programs, and improving regional strategic ?conservation planning.