THE PARLOR IN THE WILDERNESS: DOMESTICATING AN ICONIC AMERICAN LANDSCAPE*

ABSTRACT. Thirty years ago D. W. Meinig argued that certain landscapes “are part of the iconography of nationhood.” From the earliest European settlement, the North American “wilderness” forged the crucible that shaped U.S. culture. By the early nineteenth century romantic aesthetic theories and nationalistic patriotism influenced American perspectives on the emerging cultural landscape. Artists, writers, and travelers sought out places for their healthful and scenic qualities as well as for moral instruction from nature. The locus of this confluence of politics, philosophy, and art was the Hudson River Valley of New York State. Guesthouses and hotels, especially in and around the Catskill Mountains, accommodated these travelers. This article examines the cultural basis of the mountain resort in its appropriation and marketing of a regional landscape and its incorporation as a national icon, with a specific history of the development of Mohonk Mountain House by the Smiley family from 1869 to 2008.     

南京市旅游流网络结构构建

借助社会网络理论和方法, 研究了城市旅游流网络结构特征、城市旅游流网络结构评价指标体系, 并对南京市旅游流网络结构进行了实证分析。南京市旅游空间网络中, 所选取 的16 个旅游节点中平均每个旅游节点与5.19 个其他节点存在着旅游流集聚与辐射联系; 平均每个旅游节点充当旅游流中介者次数为6.07, 旅游节点之间距离相互联系比较紧密。但各旅游节点之间分布不十分均衡, 夫子庙秦淮风光带、钟山风景区、新街口、总统府、侵华日军南京大屠杀纪念馆等处于核心点, 旅游网络中集聚和辐射功能都很强, 且结构洞水平较高, 拥有更多的竞争机会和非替代性区位优势, 但可能会造成严重的旅游流瓶颈问题。南京市旅游空间网络密度不是很高(0.35), 旅游空间网络中存在着明显的结构分层, 其中共有7 个旅游节点成为核心区的成员, 核心区内部成员间联结密度达0.81, 形成了强中心线型结构。同时, 根据Dianne Dredge 提出的旅游目的地3 种空间结构模型, 结合南京市旅游空间网络结构特征, 判定了南京市城市旅游空间发展阶段及布局模式为发展阶段的多节点布局模式。最后, 指出了旅游流网络结构构建和评价中存在的问题以及在城市旅游可持续发展研究中的应用前景。     

红三角地区农产品虚拟水的计算分析

农业是世界上最大的水资源利用部门,各种农产品中“寄存”了大量的水资源,蕴涵在产品生产和各种服务中的水资源就是产品或服务中的虚拟水.以红三角地区为例,分析了郴州市、韶关市、赣州市主要农产品的演变特征,计算了主要农产品的虚拟水含量及消费情况,在此基础上探讨了红三角地区农产品的战略性调整和水资源有效配置的政策意义.计算表明,不同区域生产同类型农产品所耗费的水资源不同,加上消费数量的差异,使居民人均农产品虚拟水消费也存在明显差异.红三角地区水资源富足的地区可通过农产品贸易方式更好地发挥区域水资源优势,主动开发和生产高效益的水资源密集型农产品;对局地水资源缺乏的山区,需要通过农产品生产的战略性调整,通过购入水资源密集型农产品,大力发展高效益的特色农业,实现生态-经济-水的良性循环.     

喀斯特旅游地开发时序评价研究

目前,很多喀斯特旅游地面临着初次开发、二次开发或者多次开发的投资选择问题。建立评价模型的目的是把有限的资金投入到能产生较大边际效益的旅游地。本文根据层次分析法,除考虑传统的资源、市场、区域开发条件等评价因素外,首次把发展阶段力引入了评价模型中,通过特尔菲法确定评价因子的权重,建立喀斯特旅游地开发时序评价的总模型和子模型,并建设性的探讨了定性和定量相结合的评价因子评分标准。文章还以贵州喀斯特国家级风景名胜区为例进行了时序评价实例研究,并给予了相应的时序开发对策。      

One new species and two new records of free-living marine nematodes from the Huanghai Sea

1 IntroductionIn January 2003, undisturbed sediments were tak-en from a grid of 22 sampling stations (from 32.5° to37°N, 122° to 125°E) during the cruise of an ecologi-cal survey of the over-winter ground for anchovy inthe Huanghai Sea. Meiofaunal abundance varied from55.3 to 152.0 ind/cm2 [(95.4 ±27.0) ind/cm2], with81% to 93% [(83.1 ±22.7) ind/cm2] of the specimensbeing nematodes. Up to now, twenty-nine species ofmarine nematodes have been recorded from theHuanghai Sea (Zhang and P…     

Settlement and sustainability in the Polish Sudetes

The paper summarises the history of human settlement in the Sudetes from the Bronze Age. A more intensive stage was reached in the Middle Ages when settlers from the west established new villages deep in the mountain valleys. By the beginning of the 20th century the Sudetes were already overpopulated but after a near-complete ethnic replacement from a German to a Polish population in 1945–8, population continued to grow until the 1980s. However, the economic system was hardly sustainable by this time. There were many polluting industries in the region and massive transboundary pollution from adjacent areas of Czechoslovakia and Germany had a devastating effect on the forests. Moreover, subsidised state agriculture placed heavy pressure on vulnerable mountain grazings. Since 1989 there has been a process of deindustrialisation in the Sudetes and surrounding areas and, with the disappearance of the state farms and the reduction in subsidies, agriculture is now better adjusted to the natural potential and is complemented by a promising start with agrotourism. The population of the region is growing relatively slowly (0.8% per annum 1956–1999), with the rural areas now in decline. A sustainable future for the region is now a possibility, but while there is a consensus for continued environmental reconstruction, supported by alternative economies, this will have to be carefully managed in the years ahead when EU accession may bring heavier development pressures than those evident at the moment. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Local government, local economic development and quality of life in Poland

The establishment of local self-government was a key part of the post-1989 transformation in East and Central Europe. Local government in both Western and East and Central Europe has increasingly been expected to play a role in local economic development (LED). Local government is one important agent in the complex processes of building 'institutional thickness' to ensure the development of local economies and the quality of life of inhabitants. This paper presents the results of a national postal questionnaire survey of the LED role of the lowest level of local self-government in Poland, the gmina or commune. The paper establishes a baseline of knowledge regarding: the local economic problems faced by communes; their attitudinal, strategic and organisational responses; and the main factors which are hindering the communes' LED role. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Upper Adriatic borderland: From conflict to harmony

The paper presents an overview of the Upper Adriatic as a contact area between different cultural, social, economic and political entities, producing potential conflicts in the last century. The first part of the 20th century represented a classic example of geopolitical conflict through two World Wars and their related Peace Conferences that deeply impacted the region. Conflicts arising from the mid-century solution of the Trieste question transformed the Upper Adriatic into a laboratory of contemporary political geographic transformation. Changing geopolitical patterns have also modified the political, social and ethnic construction of the Upper Adriatic. The process of creating new international boundaries in the region ended in 1991 with the independence of Slovenia and Croatia. Through these geopolitical transformations in the Upper Adriatic, new political geographic attitudes evolved. Early on, Ratzel's geopolitical principles of defining borders as power barometers between neighbors dominated. More recently, attitudes have reflected modern integrative ideas with a focus on looking for harmony and the elimination of international conflicts. Greater attention has thus been given to the political geography of `everyday life', inter-ethnic relations, and cross-border contacts. Hence, `new' borderlands of the Upper Adriatic are more receptive to integration because they seek to overcome conflicts caused by the division of traditionally homogeneous spaces as local level political and ideological hindrances disappear. The region divided among Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia is becoming a new and special type of European borderland in the new century.     

龙里高山草原形成机理与旅游资源初评

龙里高山草原是一个待开发的风景旅游区,它由海拔1578～ 1674m的山巅坪台及深切到海拔1100m左右的岩溶峡谷组合而成,包括无边无际的平坦草原、险而奇的岩溶森林峡谷,及残丘、岩溶洼地、峰林等多种类型的地貌。草原坪台上覆盖着草甸,岩溶峡谷内长满竹林及阔叶混合林,是开展多种旅游项目不可多得的绿色旅游资源。该景区的形成与特殊的地质地貌演化历史有关,即新构造运动使得区内地壳不断抬升,分布在平缓的箱状背斜轴部的石炭系石灰岩上的石英砂岩,由于其抗风化能力强,而残留在一级剥夷面上成为山巅坪台,即方山地貌。该旅游区具有“奇、新、特”及距贵阳近的得天独厚的旅游优势。